Vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources in island to environment change a case study in Phu quoc island – Kien giang province

URCES IN ISLAND TO ENVIRONMENT CHANGE A CASE STUDY IN PHU QUOC ISLAND – KIEN GIANG PROVINCE Major: Integrated Water Resources Management THESIS OF MASTER DEGREE . Supervisor (s): 1. Assoc. Prof. Dr Pham Thi Minh Thu 2. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Huynh Phu This reseacrch is done for the partial fulfilment of requirement for Master of Science Degree at Thuy Loi University (This Mater Programme is supported by NICHE – VNM 106 Project) May 2015 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1. Problem statement Water is our most precious resource. However, in recent years, water has become degraded in both quantity and quality. This situation is placing challenges and requires a worldwide effort in the use and sustainable management of water resources. The provision of water supply and sanitation has improved living conditions; in addition, the implementation of social justice and educational approaches, especially for women and children, are also contributing to the success of the enactment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). The development status of the Island, the isolation characteristic, the distance between neighboring islands, between islands and the mainland, the change of the environment, climate change, changes in rainfall, etc. are the challenges of water resources management. The Island, located in the lower floor of the Southwestern area, is a vulnerable area to climate change and sea level rise. Furthermore, the island is affected by the early phase of the El Nino and La Ninas. The Island is a key economic zone with typical activities, such as: fishing, oil and gas exploitation, maritime services, tourism as well as it is adjacent to the other countries in the region. Especially, Phu Quoc Island is the largest island in the coastal island system in Vietnam. The current status of the economic development has created a significant social pressure on the island regarding both system resources and the environmental management. There is no rational planning and efficient use of natural resources, although the extraction (water, oil, gas...) has been carried out for a long time. Therefore, freshwater resources in Phu Quoc Island are vitally important, and have a direct impact on daily life, and the development of the island. The assessment of freshwater resource vulnerability in Vietnam is still very limited, particularly in the Island. A vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources in Phu 2 Quoc Island will be essential to identify potential risks for fresh water resources on the island and to support decision making; Therefore, detecting early threats to gain insight sustainable solutions to the management of freshwater resources on an island, where the exploitation of freshwater resources management is still problematic. Understanding the vulnerability of freshwater resources of the Islands, therefore, is important to ensure sustainable water management in the region. Uses of water have an intimate relationship with land use and impact on ecosystems dealing with integrated water resource management. The integrated water resources management will help to use and to protect natural resources. In order to effectively implement integrated water resource management, the necessity of understanding and the ability to assess the vulnerability of water resources are highlighted. Performing a vulnerability assessment of freshwater will highlight gaps in information and identify the most influential factors affecting vulnerability, in addition to raising public awareness. The availability of such an evaluation would provide decision-makers with the option to evaluate and modify existing policies and to implement measures to improve the management of water resources. Different approaches to vulnerability assessment of water resources and hydrological systems have been developed for a long time with both advantages and disadvantages. One of the most effective responses, vulnerability assessment has recently been developed by the United Nations Environment Program and by Packing University. This approach is based on the available resources to meet the production, use, environmental pressures mitigation and capacity development and management. It highlights the vulnerability factors such as climate change, population growth, economic development, and management, etc. of vulnerable freshwater resources. Currently, this method is implemented in the Pacific Islands, in West and South Asia, in the Mekong River basin, and in several other river basins in Vietnam. However, the vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources on islands in Vietnam is very limited and this method is still not an application 3 option. Hence, this study can be considered as a the first application of this approach assessing freshwater vulnerability on islands in Vietnam. 1.2. Objectives and Research questions 1.2.1. Objective of study The main objectives of the study include: - Piloting a method in terms of assessing the freshwater vulnerability in the southwestern area of Vietnams: applied specifically on Phu Quoc – Kien Giang Province; - Assessing vulnerability of freshwater resources on the Island of Phu Quoc – Kien Giang and potential agents; - Providing scientifically-based evidence to support policy development of water resources management, to support the decision-making process; - Proposing measures to reduce the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the Phu Quoc Island. 1.2.2. Research questions - What methods and tools are appropriate to assess the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the Island? - Which elements are vulnerable to freshwater resources? - What are the opportunities and challenges regarding to freshwater resources management in the Island? - What are solutions that should be done to improve the freshwater resources in the Island? 1.3. The Assessment Process Water is essential for life. All activities of humans, animals and plants on earth need water. However, freshwater resources are vulnerable and a reliable assessment of vulnerability is essential. The vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources, newly developed by UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) and by Peking University is the methodology of the thesis. Firstly, relevant data in the study area are collected, including: relevant documents such as natural conditions, hydrology, environment, geology, etc. The statistical analysis results are collected 4 directly from the local agencies. The data processing is necessary to investigate additional fieldwork and to update the latest data content research serving as the current status and characteristics of water resources on the island and the control system influence of the current vulnerability of freshwater resources. This study will provide an overview of the evaluation method to assess the vulnerability of water resources; the preferred method will be the approach developed by UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) and Packing University. The evaluation of data will serve an analytical framework DPSIR (Driver, pressure, state, impact and response) to analyze quantitative and qualitative features, and a description of the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the island. Then, an integrated vulnerability index (VI) is calculated based on possible vulnerable parameters; the results will assess the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the island, followed by a proposal for solutions to reduce the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the Phu Quoc Island. 1.4. Structure of the thesis This report is divided into six chapters. The first chapter introduces the research to answer three main questions: Why is a vulnerability assessment is important? How can we assess the vulnerability of the island? And, what are the main objectives of a vulnerability assessment in this study? The chapter two reviews several studies about the concept of vulnerability, vulnerability assessment methods and some previous researches relate to study area. The chapter three presents an overview of freshwater resources, which describe the geographical context of natural, socio-economics, freshwater resources. Especially, we focus on the present status and the challenges dealing with the management of fresh water resources in the island. This chapter also discusses the importance of the influence of climate change and the pressures of environmental change to freshwater resources on the island. Chapter four identifies methods to assess the vulnerability of freshwater resources, summarizes the specific assessment method of UNEP, including, such as: 5 methods, diagnosis of issues, and DPSIR analytical framework to understand the vulnerability index (VI). Data used in the thesis. Chapter five is an important chapter of the report. This chapter continues to assess the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the island of Phu Quoc – Kien Giang Province. These assessments determine the importance and the interrelationship of social-economics, the environment, climate, geographical factors and management resources with vulnerable island freshwater resources. The study of assessment indicators and injury parameters such as water stress, development pressure, the insecurity of the ecosystem and management challenges, is necessary to calculate the vulnerability index. In addition, this chapter will provide proposed measures to reduce the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the Island. Chapter six: Finally, the last chapter concludes the findings of this thesis, discusses the limitations of this work and provides an outlook by giving recommendation for future areas of research. 6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REWIEW 2.1. Concepts of vulnerability The concepts of vulnerability have been changed over time. According to Jửrn Birkmann (2006) statistics, the current literature encompass more than 25 different definitions, concepts and methods to systematize vulnerability (for example, Chambers, 1989; Bohle, 2001; Wisner et al., 2004; Downing et al., 2006; UN/ISDR, 2004; Pelling, 2003; Luers, 2005; Green, 2004; UN-Habitat, 2003; Schneiderbauer and Ehrlich, 2004; van Dillen, 2004; Turner et al., 2003; Cardona, 2004b). According to Downing (2006), the vulnerability includes the expression, sensitivity and resilience of the system to combat the dangers posed by the effects of the agent. Researchers in the field of natural sciences often focus on the concept of risk, while researchers in the field of social sciences often refer to the term vulnerability. Concept of vulnerability is the social scientists associated with the group of socioeconomic factors and the community's ability to cope with natural disasters, but scientists about climate usually consider the concept of vulnerability as a function of the likelihood of occurrence and the potential impact of weather and climate related. According to Jửrn Birkmann (2006) statistics, one of the best-known definitions were formulated by the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR), which defines vulnerability as: - The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards. (UN/ISDR, 2004). - In contrast, the United National Development Programme (UNDP) defines vulnerability as: a human condition or process resulting from physical, social, economic and environmental factors, which determine the likelihood and scale of damage from the impact of a given hazard. (UNDP, 2004: 11) 7 Develop policies of integrated water resources management will require a comprehensive knowledge, the understanding of the vulnerability of water resources is a key element for this purpose. Vulnerability is a term used to describe a weakness or flaw exists in the system, the sensitivity of the system with a threat or a particular disadvantage, and/or challenges systems faced when dealing with the threat. In view of water resource management, the vulnerability can be defined as the characteristic weaknesses and flaws of the system of water resources makes it difficult to respond to changing economic and social and the environment. Thus, the vulnerability can look through (i) the pressure of the water resources in the study area; and (ii) the ability of ecosystems and society in the fight against the agents acting on the healthy function of water resource systems. 2.2. Vulnerability assessment Water, "blood" of natural ecosystems, have a role indispensable for almost all functions of ecosystems. Water is also one of the important resources needed to support the socioeconomic development of human. The result of the excessive population growth, rapid economic development, mismanaged of water resources, leading to dwindling water resources. Therefore, sustainable water resources management has become a priority concern of many national agendas. Vulnerability assessment is a process of investigation and analysis to assess the sensitivity of the system before the potential threat, and to identify the main challenges for the system in reducing or minimize the risks associated with, the negative consequences of the opposition activists. Assessment of water resources will be calculated based on the water balance between water supply and water demand, system policies and ownership to support the conservation and management of water resources, as well as regime change hydrology under the impact of climate change and other environmental factors. Besides, It needs to consider the risks that may occur from the surrounding areas can affect water resources. The vulnerability assessment can be used to orient the rational use of water resources through the provision of a priority plan for upgrades, adjusted operating 8 procedures, and/or change the policies to reduce risks and vulnerabilities to achieve the most efficient use. Vulnerability assessment will provide the basic framework for the development of options to reduce the risks and costs involved. In fact, every problem is identified, vulnerability assessment to delimit the main control factor; estimate the pressure; understand the current situation and development trend; impact analysis; and determine the response to deal with vulnerability of water resources systems. 2.3. Previous studies in study area Phu Quoc Island is the largest island in the system of the coastal islands of Vietnam. Phu Quoc Island in the Gulf of Thailand, the Southwestern of Vietnam. The studies related to the Island's water resources are very limited. The coastal islands Southwestern systems have a very important position on national security and economic development. Some typical projects in the Phu Quoc Island area are: - In 2006, Dr. Dao Manh Tien and Dr. Pham Van Thanh to implement the project "Investigation assesses the current state of the marine environment of Phu Quoc Island from 0 - 20m". The results were evaluated of marine resources Phu Quoc island, the environmental status of sediments and seawater. - Dr. Dao Manh Tien (2008) to implement the project "Investigation of environmental geology and geohazards coast of Phu Quoc - Ha Tien rate 1/100,000". - Within the scope of Phu Quoc Island and especially the National Park, this area has had plenty of the study of biological diversity. The survey results synthetic, fauna and flora of the area by the Institute of Forest Inventory and Planning II performed (1996, 2002). This is the basis of the results are to assess, comment on diversity and biological resources of Phu Quoc National Park. - NAWAPI - National Center for Water Resources Planning and Investigation (2010), Project “Water Resources Planning on the Phu Quoc Island”. Planning is approved as the basis for the management agency of water resources 9 Kien Giang Province implementation of management measures, protection and exploitation and use of water resources on the Phu Quoc Island. - Vietnam Academy for Water resources (2010), Project “ Research, evaluate the potential exploitation of surface water sources serving water supply on Phu Quoc Island”. The previous studies in Vietnam, not to mention much of each object on the Island are harmed by the activities of socioeconomic development, or the natural environment changes. In Vietnam, Vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources is limited, especially object is the island, where the water resources are very vulnerable. 2.4. Overview of assessment methods An approach to assess the vulnerability of water resources and hydrological system has been developed for a long time, with many different methods. Such as Water Poverty Index (WPI) – (Lawrence and others 2002; Sullivan and others 2003), with the aim is to provide an interdisciplinary measure, including the benefits associated with household water and indicate the level of water availability affect humans, the index takes into account the physical and social - economic factors related to water scarcity. Water Stress Indicator WSI description available water resources in a country, the water stress index developed by Swedish Falkenmark expert 1989. This index is often used in the evaluation on a national scale which data are available and provided intuitive results and understanding. However, the use of average annual water of the country should tend to obscure information water scarcity on a smaller scale. Meigh and others (2004) have developed a water availability index Water Availability Index (WAI). The index includes surface water, groundwater and compared to the total water demand of all sectors such as industry, agriculture, etc. Or water stress (Gleick 1996) at the regional level. The index uses measurements of input, output, and based on the water balance equation. 10 Or The South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) has developed an Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) 2005 to develop a vulnerability index to demonstrate the disadvantages, which the small islands are incurring. This index focuses on the vulnerability of the environment from the risks of natural and human. Including the effects on physical and biological aspects of the ecology, habitat, biodiversity, ecological resilience etc. There are many different evaluation methods to be studied and applied, with both advantages and disadvantages. For the vulnerability assessment of water resources in recent years, Method of water resources vulnerability assessment, developed by UNEP and Peking University (2009) emerged a way to evaluate the effectiveness and advantages. With the approach depending on the resources available to meet the production, use, environmental pressures and capacity development and management. It highlights the vulnerability factors such as climate change, population growth, economic development, and management, etc. of freshwater resource vulnerability. Currently, this method has been used to assess the vulnerability of water resources in the Pacific Islands, West Asia Region, and South Asia and some river basin as Mekong river basin, Amu Darya river basin,etc. The research on sea environmental resource vulnerability assessment in Vietnam has just begun in the late twentieth century. To date, there are many studies following different approaches, such as regions/areas, natural systems and social, community, resources in different areas. The study is based on general principles of a vulnerability assessment is to determine the ability of a compromised system (natural, social and economic) to meet natural disasters and man-made, one determine the resilience and recovery of systems; thereby, proposing vulnerability mitigation measures. From 2001, the team of Prof. Dr. Mai Trong Nhuan conducted studies assessing coastal vulnerability (Mai Trong Nhuan 2005). Thereby, the research team has identified the ability of the vulnerable segments of society, nature, previous works. The combined effects of natural and man-made disasters as well as vulnerability maps propose mitigation measures for many coastal localities 11 in our country. For the method to assess the vulnerability of water resources had initially applied research project to assess the vulnerability of water resources to river resources as Vulnerability Assessment of Water Resources Systems in Thach Han basin, Nhue Day basin by Trinh Minh Ngoc and others, 2013 - Faculty of Hydro-Meteorology and Oceanography, VNU University of Science used Methodologies Guidelines of UNEP and Peking University (Trinh Minh Ngoc 2013). However, this approach on the Island is still not applied. For Southwestern areas, the densely populated island group also has studied. As the evaluation of Prof. Le Duc An (1995), this area is much variation in natural conditions, natural resources. The project "Research on natural conditions and Southwestern areas of environmental, economic development serves to protect the security and sovereignty " KC09 02/06-10 of Prof. Do Ngoc Quynh mentioned the major motivating factors in the forms of sea disasters, environmental impacts of climate change in the current trend. Overall, the southwestern areas, especially in the island system have not been fully studied with the latest data on natural conditions, resources and environment. In which, freshwater resources is most vulnerable. 12 CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 3.1. Geography and Socioeconomics 3.1.1. Geography and Biodiversity a) Geography Phu Quoc, also known as Pearl Island, is the largest island of Vietnam, located in the Thailand Gulf. The total area of the Island is 567,55 km² (National land statistics, 2005), approximately the size of Singapore. Phu Quoc District has a total area is 589,23 km2, perimeter about 150km, includes 2 towns and 8 communes (NAWAPI 2010). Duong Dong Town, located in the northwest is the administrative town of the Island. Phu Quoc is located 120 km from Rach Gia and Ha Tien town by 45 km. Phu Quoc Island lies in the Gulf of Thailand in Southwest of Vietnam, Phu Quoc stretches from latitude 9°53' to 10°28' and longitude from 103°49'to 104°05'. \ Figure 3.1: Location of Phu Quoc Island on satellite images (Source: Google Earth) 13 b) Topography The topography here is quite diverse, but the main type is still hilly terrain. Topography can be divided into two areas of Phu Quoc Island with the following characteristics (NAWAPI 2010): - North Island has an area of about 400km2 with over 70% of mountains (average slope of 25-30%), less than 30% of the low hills and flat land. Overall, topography elevation is lower from the north to south and from east to west. - South Island has an area of about 1672km2, including many low mountains alternating strips of land fairly low and gradually in the direction from Northeast to Southwest with a slope less than 15%. Currently, it is being used or capable of use for agricultural production. Follwing are the results of the natural distribution according to altitude and slop. Table 3.1: Distribution by altitude and degree slope Altitude (m) Slope Current status and potential use Area (km 2 ) Percentage (%) <5m <8% Agriculture, construction, tourism 69 12,17 5-40m <15% Agriculture, construction, tourism 143,8 25,36 >40m >15% Forest, ecotourism 354,2 62,47 Total 567 100 Source: National Center for Water Resources Planning and Investigation (NAWAPI) c) Meteorology Phu Quoc Island has one meteorological station was set up in 1957 in Duong Dong town, observation of meteorological factors: temperature, humidity, evaporation, wind, sun, and rain. Until 1995 on Phu Quoc island has two water levels stations at White bridge locations on Cua Can river and at Tram station on 14 Duong Dong river. Oceanographic stations are located in the estuarine areas of Duong Dong. The specific datas on temperature, humidity, wind, etc of Phu Quoac were provided by Kien Giang Hydrometeorology Center. Phu Quoc Island area characterized by tropical monsoon climate. High temperatures during the year, an average of 27.1 0 C. Evaporation (Piche) annual average is 1,210 mm (3.3 mm / day). Average annual humidity is 82.6%. October, the highest average humidity (87.8%). February, the average humidity is lowest (75.5%) (NAWAPI 2010). Annual rainfall is abundant here, annual average 2902 mm and is relatively stable over the years (coefficients of variation Cv = 0.176) (NAWAPI 2010), pretty standard distribution. Rainfall in large stable with mountainous terrain conditions are ideal conditions for the development, management and operation of small and medium reservoirs on the island of Phu Quoc. 15 Table 3.2: Temperature characteristics (0C) at Phu Quoc Station (1984-2011) Characteristics I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Year Average 26.1 26.7 27.8 28.6 28.6 28.2 27.7 27.6 27.2 26.9 27.0 26.4 27.4 Highest 34.3 34.3 35.8 35.8 37.0 35.5 34.4 33.8 33.8 33.7 33.3 33.8 37.0 Lowest 17.3 17.1 18.5 22.0 22.1 22.5 21.7 21.8 22.1 21.4 19.9 17.6 17.3 Average lowest 30.7 31.3 31.0 32.6 31.6 30.6 30.0 29.7 29.5 30.3 30.7 30.5 30.7 Average highest 23.3 23.9 24.1 25.7 25.9 25.7 25.3 25.3 25.1 24.7 24.6 23.8 24.8 Table 3.3: Average humidity by months – year (%) Month I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Year Tho Chu 79 79 79 79 83 85 86 87 87 87 83 79 83 Rach Gia 79 78 75 78 82 84 85 85 85 84 81 79 81 Phu Quoc 74 77 77 80 83 85 86 87 87 86 79 73 81 (Source: Kien Giang Hydrometeorology Center) 16 Table 3.4. Lowest humidity by months – year (%) Month I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Year Tho Chu 54 48 53 56 55 60 64 64 58 65 61 57 48 Rach Gia 49 47 39 37 48 55 60 57 56 50 50 50 37 Phu Quoc 34 33 35 42 41 58 56 49 55 50 41 35 33 (Source: Kien Giang Hydrometeorology Center) Table 3.5: Characteristics of rain in Phu Quoc Month I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Year Highest rainfall per day mm 77.9 112.2 103.2 127.1 109.6 126.8 196.5 327.1 188.4 181.2 136 105.4 327.1 Average monthly rainfall mm 32 28 66 154 260 365 390 474 458 355 145 52 277.9 Average rainy days date 6 4 7 12 19 21 22 24 23 21 13 6 177 (Source: Kien Giang Hydrometeorology Cent 17 Analysis of rainfall data from Phu Quoc stations for the period from 1985 to 2011 shows that total annual rainfall has decreased by an average of 19.8 mm /year (Nguyen Ngoc Tran 2013). Figure 3.2: Total annual rainfall in Phu Quoc station (1985 – 2011) (Source: Kien Giang Hydrometeorology Cente) Water level data from Phu Quoc station shows the maximum tide height, minimum tide height and the average trend line for the period (1988 - 2010); annual average tidal amplitude and the average trend line in the years (1988 - 2009) are shown in the image below: Figure 3.3: Hmax, Hmin in Phu Quoc island (Source: Kien Giang Hydrometeorology Center) 18 Figure 3.4: Tidal amplitude in Phu Quoc island (Source: Kien Giang Hydrometeorology Center) Tidal amplitude has the trend increased both on tidal and tidal foot. The maximum tide height, minimum tide height for the period (1988 – 2010) tend to increased. Based on the standards division of the rainy season and dry season Hydrometeorology Center (monthly rainfall exceeding 150 mm, surpassing the average evaporation month period, the fall in the rainy season) and in combination with the analysis of Duong Dong station rainfall data, rainfall regimes in Phu Quoc island can be divided into the following two seasons: rainy season lasts 7 months (May - November), coincided with the period of active southwest monsoon; 5 month long dry season (December- April years later), coinciding with the period of operation of the northeast monsoon. April rainfall average is 150 mm at Duong Dong station, but heavy rain and steady rainfall in the last 10 days of April, so April could be considered a transition month from dry season to the rainy season. The rainy season accounts for 81% of total rainfall leading to excess water during the rainy season, water shortages in the dry season. Moreover, due to the steep 19 topography, rain water should focus quickly generate large floods in the months VII-IX, often causing severe damage to infrastructure, land erosion and threaten people's lives (Nguyen Ngoc Tran 2013). d) Rivers Network The river and streams on the island of Phu Quoc with diverse characteristics, especially small rivers, estuaries flowing into different directions depending on terrain conditions. Surface water during rainy season is abounding in the inland. The density of spring is 0,42 km/km2 (largest density among islands in Vietnam). There are two main river systems in the. They occupy a total basin area about 25% of the total island area (NAWAPI 2010). These rivers have steep slopes, flood season caused major erosion. - Cua Can river: Derived from Chua mountain, flows from East to West. The river length is 29,75 km, the total length of the River in this basin is about 69km, the catchment area is 120km 2 . - Dong Duong river: Derived from Da Bac mountain, flow direction from east to west. The river length 21,5km, total length of the network of rivers and streams in this river around 63 km, the catchment area is 57 km 2 . - Cua Lap river conne...tion to global climate change, local biophysical conditions. - Water resource development and use: Analysis of water resource supply, the balance between supply and demand is essential. Analysis of supply water 40 resources, the balance between supply and demand is essential. Development of water resources through technical approach and the relationship between development and water resources, the support of water resources for economic development, health development pressure components such as water extraction, improved drinking water assess. - Ecological Health: Water needs of economic development, water for domestic use, the economic sector, maintaining the ecological health of the island. Ecosystem health is analyzed through degradation of ecosystems and water quality. Environmental pollution as a consequence of the development and use of water (pollution), more pollution affect the budget for water resources on the island. - Management and governance: Management capacity to focus on three issues that are efficient water use, IWRM capacity, improving access to sanitation. The capacity of water resource management has an important role in the development and use of water resources. The challenge of management and governance should be assessed, evaluated trends of institutional and other factors in the management of freshwater resources. This assessment approach recognizes that a sustainable freshwater systems can only operate within a framework of integrated system combines both natural and managed systems. 4.2. Diagnosis of Issues To assess the vulnerability of freshwater resources in the Island. First of all, we need to collect the basic data from various sources related to the social economy situation, basic water resources, use and management of water resources. In addition, the fieldtrip relevant to the region of the Island. Then, possibly preliminary assessment, diagnostic issues related to water resources. The results of the initial description will tell us the main functions and key issues related to water resources on the Island. 41 Figure 4.1: Assessment components and indicators (Source: UNEP) 4.3. The analytical framework The analytical framework (DPSIR – Drivers, Pressures, State, Impacts and Responses) used by UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) and Global Environment Outlook (GEO) provide perspective for the vulnerability assessment. DPSIR was initially developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD 1994) and has been used by the United Nations (UNEP 1994; UNEP 2007) and European Environmental Agency. DPSIR quantitative assessment 42 , as well as qualitative, is made to identify the key vulnerable freshwater islands. Then, analytical framework was developed into a freshwater vulnerability index. It integrates people, environmental changes with factors such as economy, society, ecology, institution to provide a simple analytical framework (UNEP 2012). Drivers (D) represent the development of social, demographic, economic and lifestyle changes in consumption or production. Changing demographics may impact land use, urbanization, agriculture. The pressures (P) produce as an effect of Drivers. The pressures represent processes affecting the resource (water) by producing substances (e.g., emissions), physical and biological agents, etc. that consequently cause changes to the state (S) of water resources. The state may be described by adequate structural (e.g., river morphology), physical (e.g., temperature), chemical (e.g., phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations) and biological (e.g., phytoplankton or fish abundance) indicators. Depending on the changes of state, society may suffer positive or negative consequences. These consequences are identified and evaluated to describe impacts (I) by means of evaluation indices. Governance and management Responses (R) include governance (such as policies), commercial (e.g. Market driven) and social (e.g. Behavioral change) intended to mitigate impacts or adapt to them. 43 Figue 4.2 : DPSIR analysis of water management (Source: Benini et al, 2010) 4.4. Vulnerability Index and Parameterization The vulnerability of an island‟s freshwater resources can be expressed as a vulnerability index (VI). Thus, the VI in the Island can be expressed with this equation: VI = f (RS,DP, ES,MC) Where: VI = Vulnerability Index RS = Resource Stresses DP = Development Pressures ES = Ecological Insecurity MC = Management Challenges The value of vulnerability varies from 0 to 1, with the value of 1.0 indicates the most vulnerable in the region, and 0 is completely safe. All parameters should be standardized to range from 0 to 1. And the contribution of each parameter to the 44 vulnerability index should be assessed weighted according to its importance. Each parameter in the vulnerability index should be identified and quantified. 4.4.1. Resource stresses (RS) Resource stresses on water resources can be expressed as “scarcity” and “variation” of the water resources (UNEP 2009). a) Water scarcity parameter (RSs): Water abundance will determine the extent possible to meet the water demand. The total water resources of a region [Rt] including groundwater resources [Rgw] (m 3 /person. year) and surface water resources [Rsw] (m 3 /person. year). The per capita water resources availability per year [R] (m 3 /person.year) of an island with a population can be defined as: 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑠𝑤 + 𝑅𝑔𝑤 𝑃 Water Stress (RSs) can be expressed as annual per capita water resources in the island, compared to a standard acceptable level of water resources and water quality compared with the average per capita worldwide (1,700 m 3 /person.year). That is, Where: RSs: water scarcity parameter R: per capita water resources availability per year (m 3 /person.year). With R > 1700 m3 /person. year, we can see that the region's water resources are relatively abundant, water sources is not a scarce and less vulnerable. b) Water variation parameter (RSv): Can be expressed through variation coefficient Cv of average annual rainfall across the island. Variation coffciention (Cv <0.3, Cv ≥0,3) denotes the degree of vulnerability. That is, 45 Where: RSv: Water variation parameter. The coefficient of variation is defined by normal statistical terms, where pi is the precipitation of the i th year (mm): 𝐶𝑣 = 𝑠 𝛽 𝛽 = 𝑝𝑖 𝑛 𝑖 𝑛 𝑠 = (𝑝𝑖 − 𝛽)2 𝑛 𝑖=1 𝑛 − 1 4.4.2. Development Pressures (DP) a) Water exploitation parameter (DPs) Hydrological processes and helps to balance natural fresh water resources on the island. However, along with the development leads to increased water demand, over exploitation of water resource water imbalance, affecting the natural hydrological process. Thus, the rate of development of water resources (ie, the rate of resource utilization), is defined as the ratio of total water resources [Rt] extracted for use [WRs]), is used to represent the island‟s capacity for a healthy renewable process: Where: DPs: Water exploitation parameter Rt: Total water resource WRs: Total water supply (capacity) b) Safe drinking water inaccessibility parameter (DPd) 46 Parameters improved drinking water assessment is designed to describe how well society on this island have adapted to fresh water available for use (for example, how a society can develop island freshwater resources to address the basic needs of livelihood of the people). This is a parameter reflecting the comprehensive impact of the capacity of all stakeholders, from communities to the government, to cope, as well as the availability of technology and adaptation strategies other. Thus, the percentage of population with / without access to improved water sources is a sign of increased levels of stress related to water demand immediately. This parameter can be determined by the difference between the total population does not have access to clean water compared to the total population of the island. Is determined by the formula: Where: DPd: Safe drinking water inaccessibility parameter; Pd: Population without access to improved drinking water sources P: Total population 4.4.3. Ecological Insecurity (ES) a) Water pollution parameter (ESp) The exploitation and use of water creates waste, polluting the environment and particularly polluting water resources. The volume of untreated sewage being discharged into the environment, degradation of natural ecosystems. Therefore, a very important factor affecting the vulnerability of water resources is a total waste on an island. Water pollution will be vulnerable to water resources. Therefore, water pollution parameters are represented by the ratio between the total untreated wastewater discharge [WW] and the total water resources of the island [Rt]. The ratio equal to or greater than 10 percent of the available water is considered to represent the most vulnerable situation. The formula is defined as: 47 Where: ESp: Water pollution parameter; WW = Total untreated wastewater discharge (m 3 ) Rt: Total water resources b) Ecosystem deterioration parameter Urbanization and economic – social development activities. Loss of vegetation, leading to landscape change and alter the hydrologic characteristics, the natural hydrological cycle are affected. Affect the functioning of ecosystems, the flow changes and vulnerability of freshwater resources. Thus, ecological deterioration parameter is represented by the ratio of the basin area without vegetation cover to the total island area. Where: ESe: Ecosystem deterioration parameter Ad: Land without forest, wetland or native vegetation cover (km 2 ) A: Total island area (km 2 ) 4.4.4. Management Challenges (MC) Current, Assessing the vulnerability of freshwater management challenges with three important issues, including: (i) Efficient use of water resources; (ii) The health status of people depends on access to improved sanitation; (iii) The overall capacity to deal with the management of the water resources of the island in a uniform way. The management challenge is shown through three indicators; namely: 48 a) Improved sanitation inaccessibility parameter (MCs) Access to sanitation is often dependent on the availability of freshwater resources. One of the important objectives of management of fresh water, which is the community (rural and urban) may have access to water resources to support their basic livelihood. This is reflected in sanitary conditions improved in the Development Goals Millennium. Consequently, the management system must make every effort to achieve this goal and increase the availability of water for the community to meet the basic needs of their livelihood. Improved sanitation inaccessibility is used as a parameter to measure the typical capabilities of a management system to deal with the issue of improving livelihoods. Similarly, access to improved drinking water sources, the monitoring indicators millennium goals and methods need to be monitored in this calculation specific parameters (e.g., improved sanitation improvement should be defined as the basis of classifying the toilets separate from human, animal, and insect contact [including sewer, septic tank, pour flush toilet, flush toilets and pit the floor]) (WHO and UNICEF 2010). This parameter is based on the proportion of the population without access to improved sanitation with total population, as follows: Where: MCs: Improved sanitation inaccessibility parameter Ps: Population without access to improved sanitation P: Total population b) Water Use Efficiency Parameter [MCe]: Efficient use of water depends on the integration of water policy and technological innovation. The effectiveness of the system of water resources on the island were compared by using water efficiently on the island [WE] ($ /m3) and water use efficiency average of island developed countries [WEm] ($/m 3 ). 49 Efficient use of water [WE] is calculated as the ratio of GDP generated from an island [GDP] for total annual rainfall [Rf], representing the total water resources available, as follows: Water Use Efficiency Parameter is represented by the GDP produced from one cubic meter of water use, and compared with the average GDP generated per cubic meter use, by island developing countries have selected - Japan, Hong Kong, Ireland, Singapore and the United Kingdom - all island nations in the top 25 countries based on per capita GDP (IMF, 2011), as follows: Where: MCe: Water Use Efficiency Parameter WE: GDP produced from one cubic meter of water use WEm: Water use efficiency average of selected developed island countries a) Conflict management capacity parameter (MCi) This parameter proved the ability of the water management system on the island Integrated water resources management with the participation of all sectors and stakeholders from the community to the government. A good management system can be judged by its effectiveness in institutional structures, policy development, involvement of stakeholders, financial stability, developed by knowledge and human resource capacity force. Thus, the ability of IWRM can be evaluated using the matrix in the table 4.1, which incorporates both governance and management aspects. 4.4.5. Vulnerability Index (VI) Vulnerability index (VI) can be calculated as follows: 50 Where: VI = vulnerability index n = number of vulnerability categories mi = number of parameters in i th categories xij = value of the j th parameter in i th categories wij = weight given to the j th parameter in i th categories; and Wi = weight given to the i th categories To ensure that the final value of VI is in the range 0-1, following rules apply: - The total of weights given to each indicator should equal 1.0; and - The total of weights given to all components should equal 1.0. Because the process of determining relative weights can be biased, making the final results difficult to be compared to each other, it is recommended that equal weights should be assigned among the parameters in the same cotegory, and also among different categories. 51 Table 4.1: Integrated Water Resources Management Capacity Criteria. Grade Low (1) Moderately Low (0.75) Moderate (0.5) Moderately High (0.25) High (0) Institutional / Policy Arrangements ❒ no water policy ❒ no water resource legislation ❒ no formal communication or coordination between government agencies ❒ draft water policy ❒ draft water resource legislation ❒ institutional meetings but no formal arrangements ❒ Water resource policy implemented ❒ Water resource legislation implemented ❒ Formal institutional arrangements, but regulation limited ❒ Participatory processes with cross- sectoral and cross-community representatives ❒ Regulation established ❒ information on governance decisions open and accessible to all ❒ Participatory water resources policy framework with open community engagement ❒ institutional framework, communication and operational linkages ❒ Regulation open with transparent auditing System Knowledge ❒ no/limited awareness of role of water in economic development, health and environmental protection ❒ insufficient knowledge to complete national and international reporting requirements ❒ limited data collected for some water resource components ❒ national and international reporting completed with limited data gaps ❒ Basic system data collected (e.g. supply, demand, rainfall, yields, consumption, etc.) and basic understanding of system resources, stressors and linkages ❒ national and international reporting completed with no data gaps ❒ High level of system understanding, supported by resource modelling ❒ Monitoring processes established and benefits demonstrated to deliver ongoing funding ❒ Understanding of system resources and stressors and linkages, integrated in planning processes, monitoring and evaluation strategies with feedback ❒ Transparent and open access to water resource data and academic debate on water resources Stakeholder Engagement ❒ isolated initiatives with no stakeholder engagement in governance ❒ no formal engagement and responses are reactive ❒ Formal engagement with all stakeholders without engagement in governance ❒ Stakeholder communication strategy developed and implemented ❒ Participation limited to directed delivery of solutions ❒ Stakeholder capacity building strategy developed and implemented ❒ Policy and strategy frameworks incorporate representative stakeholder engagement in governance ❒ Formal and informal capacity sharing and exchange with all stakeholder sectors ❒ implementation of strategy for consultation/engagement of stakeholders from all levels and sectors ❒ Formal participative water resources governance processes with open community participation Financial Stability ❒ inadequate financing of capital and ongoing management ❒ Adequate funding available for capital works but insufficient funding for ongoing maintenance and operation ❒ Financial water resource planning undertaken and worked into national budgets ❒ Fee for service charges regulated but often not covering costs ❒ Sustainable, accountability transparent financial planning established Human Resource Capacity ❒ no or extremely limited expertise across sectors ❒ no or extremely limited capacity across stakeholders ❒ Professionals in limited key positions ❒ Mechanisms in place to provide capacity access to stakeholders ❒ capacity base not wide and low capacity for higher level needs (e.g. monitoring, modelling and planning) ❒ Stakeholder capacity building strategy developed and implemented ❒ core professional for water resource management – consultants only engaged for strategic specialist work ❒ Formal and informal capacity sharing and exchange with all stakeholder sectors ❒ Specialist knowledge available, either directly or through institutional arrangements ❒ Stakeholder led dialogues and initiatives (Source: UNEP, 2011) 52 After calculating the results of the vulnerability index. We interpret the results to inform policy recommendations. As a guide to this analysis, Table 3.2: Guidance on island freshwater vulnerability (According to UNEP, 2011, Vulnerability Assessment of freshwater resources to environmental change: Pacific island). Table 4.2: Guidance on island freshwater vulnerability Low (0.0 – 0.2) This indicates an island water system in terms of resource richness, development practices, ecological state, and management capacity. No serious policy change is likely to be needed. It is possible that moderate problems may exist on the island in some aspects of the assessed components, and policy adjustments should be considered after examining the VI structure. Moderate (0.2 - 0.4) This indicates island sustainable water resources management are generally in a good condition. There may still be major challenges, however, in either technical support or management capacity- building. Water policy design should focus on the main challenges identified after examining the VI structure, and strong policy interventions should be designed to overcome any key constraints identified. High (0.4 – 0.7) This indicates the island is experiencing high water resource stresses, and policy should be focused to provide technical support and policy backup to mitigate the pressures. A longer-term and appropriate strategic development plan should be made, with a focus on rebuilding management capacity to deal with the main threatening factors. Severe (0.7 – 1.0) This indicates the island‟s water resources are highly vulnerable with a poor management structure. Restoration of the island‟s water resources management will require major commitment from both government and general public. Restoration is likely to be a long process, and an integrated plan should be made at the island level, with involvement from international, national and local level agencies. (Source: UNEP, 2011) 53 4.5. Data used Basic data have been collected from various sources on the current situation and historical development, water resources management and use on the Island. Vulnerability Assessment method of UNEP needs to use a lot of data related to the assessment of each parameter and to calculate a vulnerability index of the region. The research project on Phu Quoc Island is very limited and far from the mainland. Therefore, it is difficult to collect data for the thesis. The following information needs to be collected and evaluated: a) Water resources data: Rainfall, surface water, groundwater, water quality, rivers networ, etc. b) Development of water resources/ supply and use data: Potential development and data on the ability to provide water (two types: surface water and groundwater), and data on water use. It should be emphasized that the type of data to be collected in one long time to analyze, evaluate the overall development trends. c) Ecosystem data: Special attention to vegetation cover. Vegetation cover changes affect the functioning of ecosystems, changing the flow. Water quality and water quantity data are needed. These are important indicators of ecosystem, including waste water monitoring data and water quality. d) Management data: Management information system need to be collected, including quantitative and qualitative data information is necessary. The data relating to efficient water use (e.g. Use of water for economic growth), institutional, policy, etc. e) General information and data of the study area: Most of the analysis must be done in the context of natural and socioeconomic of the island, the following data are necessary: 54 - General Information: Location, geography and geologic / topography, land area, etc.; - Climate, Land Use; Socioeconomic data - population, economic structure and size, GDP, etc. On Table 4.3. Is listed the data, theirs sources which have been used on this thesis. Table 4.3. Data used for research No Data Type Date/ Measure Sources 1 Total water resources Ground water resources 2010 NAWAPI Surface water resources 2010 VAWR 2 Rainfall Annual rainfall NAWAPI Coefficients of variation 3 Water supply (capacity) Total water supply 2010, 2012 NAWAPI, Data analysis 4 Population Total population 2012 Statistical Yearbook 5 Water pollution Total untreated wastewater discharge 2010, 2012 NAWAPI, Data analysis 6 Area Total island area 2012 Statistical Yearbook 7 Vegetation cover Vegetation Cover (% area) 2010 NAWAPI 8 Improved sanitation inaccessibility Rate of households using hygienic toilet 2010, 2012 NAWAPI, Data analysis 9 GDP GDP per capita 2012 Statistical Yearbook 10 Water use Water use efficiency 2012 NAWAPI, Data analysis 55 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 5.1. DPSIR analysis on Phu Quoc Island To better manage the challenges of water resources on Phu Quoc Island, it is important to understand the pressures arising from the Driving forces, such as: rapid population growth, urbanization, the residence of the workers, climate change, environmental pollution, saltwater intrusion, migrate to urban areas such as Duong Dong and A Thai town. Economic development and growth in the tourism, construction, agriculture sectors, etc. As It is well known, in the Phu Quoc Island, water supply comes from rainwater, surface water and groundwater. All activities on the Island are depended on these water sources. Driving forces for the development activities, the effects of rapid population growth, urbanization, the residence of the workers, climate change, environmental pollution, saltwater intrusion, caused environmental changes, pressure on the water resources on the Island. As Section 3.3. Challenges of water resources has been mentioned. The assessment above can be found, water resources on Phu Quoc Island water systems are affected by two main drivers, natural (e.g. Climate change) and anthropogenic (e.g. Development). These drivers cause certain pressures on Island waters, either by changing the quantity and the quanlity of water (both surface water and groundwater). The issues can be identified as: - Reserves of freshwater resources (surface and ground water); - Changing freshwater quality (surface and ground water); - Flood and drought management of the Island water resources; Saline intrusion in the dry season. - Degradation and loss of ecosystem (Vegetation cover, animals, etc.); 56 - Conflicting interests over water sharing (between sectors), weak water resources management; - Socioeconomic development (population growth, urbanization, tourism, infrastructure asynchronous, weak, etc.). Table 5.1: Some of Driving forces (D) Driving forces (D) Directives Unit Driving force explanation D1 Population growth and urbanization The growth rate of annual population on Phu Quoc Island % - Increasing waste, domestic wastewater pressure to water pollution. - The pressure to overexploitation of freshwater. Affect freshwater ecosystems. The density of the urban population, the town on the Phu Quoc Island People/km 2 Indicates the pressure to decrease water quality, river water pollution, affecting the lives of aquatic organisms; exploitation pressure of clean drinking water. D2 Tourism development Numbers tourist People/year Wastewater, creating tourism wastewater pressure to the water environment, noise pollution caused affect birds. Infrastructure construction Loss of agricultural land, occupied natural ecosystems, affecting forests, etc. 57 Driving forces (D) Directives Unit Driving force explanation D3 Agricultural Development Amounts of chemical fertilizers used (peppercorn) Kg/ ha-year Redundant fertilizers polluted the soil, groundwater, D4 Natural (Variable rainfall: Spatially and temporally; Global climate change) Saline intrusion Saline intrusion into the river in the dry season; The risk of saltwater intrusion of underground Flood and drought - Inundation often occurs in the rainy season, - Lack of freshwater in the dry season Table 5.2: Pressure on water resources (P) Pressure (P) Directives Unit Explanation P1 Water-use Demand Agricultural Water demand (P1.1) Million m 3 / year Indicates pressures of overexploitation of water resources for agriculture Water demand of tourists, domestic (P1.2) Million m 3 /year Indicates pressures of overexploitation of water resources for domestic use and tourists P2 Wastewater The total amount of wastewater Million m 3 /year Untreated wastewater discharge directly to water resources (surface water, groundwater) 58 Table 5.3: Group indicates status, state of water resources (S) Directives Unit Explanation Status quo: vegetation cover The vegetation cover decline accelerates the runoff, soil, infiltration rate, reducing groundwater recharge by vegetation S1 Vegetation cover % Forest area in comparison with the natural area, Status quo: water quantity S2-1 Stream flow (Minimum, maximum discharge) m 3 /s Includes: Q medium_ dryseason, Q medium_ rainyseason, Qmonth_min, Qday_min Qmonth_max, Qday_max S2-2 Annual rainfall mm/year Coefficients of variation (Cv) S2-3 Water exploitation capacity m 3 .year -1 Indicates of water resources exploitation capacity on the Island S2-4 Population with access to improved drinking water sources % Fresh water available for use (for example, how a society can develop island freshwater resources to address the basic needs of livelihood of the people). Expression of access clean drinking water of the people. S2-5 The total amount of wastewater Million m 3 /year Increase or decrease the amount of waste water Status quo: water quality S3 Water quality (surface, groundwater) Pollution load mg/l An indication of the pollution level in the area and able to withstand the environment 59 Table 5.4: Impacts can occur on the Island (I) Impacts Unit Explanation I.1 Reducing the number of aquatic organisms in the aquatic environment, Ecosystem/habitat loss Due to the discharge of wastewater I.2 Demand exceeding availability Increasing population, rapid development, I.3 Decrease in water available for development % Water sources can not meet for sectors. Decrease economic growth I.4 Poverty % Two areas dominate this water-poverty relationship: health and food. No water can not produce. I.5 Health impacts People/year Because contact and use of polluted water I.6 Variable recharge to groundwater; Lowering of groundwater levels I.7 Increase in extreme events Increase in extreme events: Storms, hurricane, thunderstorms, forest fires Table 5.5. Group directive indicates the r...undamental changes in the field of management. Managed separately transferred to the integrated management, cross-sector, to focus both water quantity and quality, to manage the water supply and water demand management, to manage and coordinate closely throughout the Island, land and ecological factors of environment, organization and management methods to switch upward, which is derived from the use of water and to appreciate the role and the broad participation of the community.  Step by step construction and develop an institutional framework and policy management, and flexible (water law, water policy) for the implementation of integrated management of water resources. 4. Improving the awareness of the climate change induced water shortage for the island can strategically improve the revenues to be generated from a water supply network.  Establishment of Quarter Groups for environmental protection, water resources. 80  Organize activities for students and adults share the environmental protection measures, using water saving; create awareness and encourage the protection of water resources, environment.  In addition to tree planting ceremonies and summer camps, poster competitions; expos; and community outreach meetings (town, quarterly meetings). 5. Carrying out of mining license, use of water resources and wastewater discharge into water sources; strengthening inspection and examination in the management of exploitation activities, water use and wastewater discharge. 6. Enhancing professional staff, managers of water resources, environmental protection. 7. Promulgated documents specifying the legal protection of water resources and the environment have specific characteristics, incentives to apply for Phu Quoc Island. 8. Management water resources based on community: Depending on the actual conditions, water should be priced as a commodity and are guaranteed to meet water needs of every household in the community. The price of water may be the best way to save water and change the behavior of the community in water conservation. 5.8.2. Technical solution 1. Initially, upgrading Duong Dong reservoir in accordance with the approved plans. Construction and commissioning 4 reservoirs have to send to Prime Minister for improvement:  Duong Dong reservoir  Suoi Lon reservoir  Rach Ca reservoir  Cua Can reservoir 81 2. Construction of weirs (temporary dams) to increase water storage capacity in the downstream of the river. Construction of water supply systems of the connection between the reservoir was built. 3. Determination of water resources should be protected and priority order:  Planning on building and developing Phu Quoc Island has confirmed restrict exploitation and use of groundwater resources; so the stage in 2015, groundwater resources in the planning area are prioritized for protection.  The surface water protection focuses on protecting the receiving waters of the reservoirs and lakes. 4. Improving the efficiency of water use: Applying measures to reduce the amount of channel seepage, leakage works, ponds and river. In addition to common application of micro irrigation to conserve water and enhance the water use regression measures in each system. 5. Deforestation for the forest which have been lost due to the construction of reservoirs. 6. Drought is the urgent problem of Phu Quoc Island, most of the area produced a water shortage during the dry season. + Development, exploitation and protection of groundwater resources. Conducted by means of artificial recharge. Orientation protect and enhance groundwater resources on the Island can be on the following principles: Identify and traffic regulations allow operators of each region; Increased infiltration of rainwater; Planting trees with high coverage and the ability of evaporation of low trees; Construction of reservoirs to store water surface during rainfall season to use in the dry season. + Using rainwater: Using a combination of reservoir, rainwater harvesting. 7. Controlling the level of pollution and pollution treatment and improve water quality. 82 + Control and collect 100% of solid waste, industrial, services and hospital and waste treatment. + Thoroughly treated and control areas with high risk of water pollution as An Thoi, Duong Dong area. + Construction and complete monitoring system to measure exploitation rate and use of water and monitoring quality of water sources. 83 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1. Conclusions The vulnerability of water resources, and the associated socioeconomic and environmental stress on Phu Quoc Island is closely related to the availability of water. Factors that contribute to this include the total water resource, demands on the resources and the spatial and temporal variability of the water resource. Assessing the potential of water resources on Phu Quoc Island to see the Island's surface water is plentiful, however, due to the uneven distribution of the year, the excess of it in the rainy season, but the lack of water in the dry season. This study undertakes an assessment of the freshwater resource vulnerability of Phu Quoc Island, Kien Giang province. It was estimated based the methodology developed by UNEP and Peking University, China. The analytical framework (DPSIR – Drivers, Pressures, State, Impacts and Responses) used by UNEP provide perspective for the vulnerability assessment. Phu Quoc Island water systems are affected by two main drivers, natural and anthropogenic. The issues can be identified as: Reserves of freshwater resources (surface and ground water); Changing freshwater quality (surface and ground water); Flood and drought management of the Island water resources; Saline intrusion in the dry season. Degradation and loss of ecosystem (Vegetation cover, animals, etc.); Conflicting interests over water sharing (sectors), weak water resources management; Socioeconomic development (population growth, urbanization, tourism, infrastructure asynchronous, weak). Phu Quoc Island vulnerability index is 0,36; a medium level on the rating scale. It is observed that the Vulnerability Index on Phu Quoc island emanates mostly from management challenges, followed by resource stresses, development pressures. Resource stresses parameter (RS = 0,3). As a result, the water resources of Phu Quoc still meet the near future. However, water shortage in the dry season on the Island is still a big problem. With Development Pressures parameter (DP = 0,26); Phu Quoc island has low stress on water resources associated with exploited using. However, 84 seasonal variations in water resources on the Island can be significantly stressed over the dry season. Ecological Insecurity parameter (ES = 0,245) is lower. Because, the abundant water resources of the Island, combined with the limited industrial development on the Island is sufficient to provide mixing and dilution of currently wastewaters discharge. However, with the development of the Island, the parameters are very vulnerable. The lack of minimum infrastructure to treat waste water and solid waste from domestic and fish processing sources, leading to serious pollutions (for instance, in Vung Bau and Cua Can). This will affect ecosystems, forest protection, the quality of human life would not be guaranteed. With IWRM Capacity (MC = 0,642) is assessed by three parameters. Includes: Conflict management capacity parameter (MCi), Improved sanitation inaccessibility parameter (MCs), Water Use Efficiency Parameter (MCe). These parameters are large, it represents the IWRM capacity is a major problem on the Phu Quoc Island. On the Island there isn't perform sharing, allocation of water resources. In the future, when the demand for water will increase raises the contradiction, conflicts. Therefore, it is necessary to study in order to solve the problem sharing, allocation of water resources between sectors, between the upstream and downstream of the river. Moreover, the uneven distribution of rainfall between the months of the year and change of terrain on the Island will lead to water scarcity during dry season.Due to rapid expansion of tourist activities on the Island also causes increased water demand. With the poor on human resources for water resources management will lead to the bad management results. In addition, the sea water level rise, saltwater instruction, changing on frequency and intensity of natural disasters such as storm will all pressure Phu Quoc„s water resource and its management. In order to obtain sustainable development for Phu Quoc island, first of all we need to improve the water resource management system. This thesis have completed the objectives. In addition, this thesis will be documents to help vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources to other areas in Vietnam. 85 Improved water use efficiencies and delivery of integrated water resources management are essential important on the Island. Long term strategy to address this weakness are fundamental to develop sustainable capacity in the region. There are conflicts of Integrated Water Resources Management. The management overlaps caused many difficulties so should have an intermediary organization to link the Ministries on Water Resources Management. To solve the problem thoroughly in the water management of Phu Quoc Island, the first shift is needed from institutions and policies for water management from the government. The solution can be established Vietnam Water Agency. To reduce the vulnerability of the Island, need to be encouraged to develop policies to reduce stress and develop a long-term strategic plan, focusing on capacity management of water resources and the use of structural measures. Utility reform associated with cost-recovery and improved efficiency and aligned with infrastructure investment, mainstreaming IWRM and infrastructure management and maintenance would enable countries to maximize development opportunities associated with water resources and better meet basic human rights. In addition, propose solution as: - Strengthening measures to planted, keeping the watershed forest. - Carrying out of mining license, use of water resources and wastewater discharge into water sources; strengthening inspection and examination in the management of exploitation activities, water use and wastewater discharge. - Enhancing professional staff, managers of water resources, environmental protection. - Promulgated documents specifying the legal protection of water resources and the environment have specific characteristics, incentives to apply for Phu Quoc Island. - Drought is the urgent problem of Phu Quoc island, most of the area produced a water shortage during the dry season. 86 - Initially, upgrading Duong Dong reservoir in accordance with the approved plans. Construction and commissioning 4 reservoirs have been Prime Minister for approval:  Duong Dong reservoir  Suoi Lon reservoir  Rach Ca reservoir  Cua Can reservoir - Construction of weirs (temporary dams) to increase water storage capacity in the downriver of the river. Construction of water supply systems of the connection between the reservoir was built. Elaborate operation of the reservoir, reservoir operation. - Improving the efficiency of water use: Apply the solution reduces the amount of channel seepage, leakage works, ponds and river. In addition to common application of micro irrigation to conserve water and enhance the solution water use regression in each system. 6.2. Recommendations Good management must be based on planning. Good planning, the management will be good. Water Resources Planning on the Phu Quoc Island is performed by NAWAPI (2009). However, Decision 633/ QD-TTg May 11, 2010 by the Prime Minister on the overall planning of the construction of Phu Quoc Island in 2030. Therefore, the calculation results, plans on water resources Phu Quoc require additional adjustments before the competent authorities approved the plan to suit the target, driven socio economic development on the Island. Vulnerability assessment is a support tool the decision-making process; management water resources. Therefore, there should be regularly assessment and update data of the area to serve the assessment of vulnerability.  Results can be used for water resources planning of Phu Quoc Island. 87  Structural measures for short term and long time sustainable water resources management.  Management water resources need to be paid more attention.  There should be regularly assessment and update data of the area to serve the assessment of vulnerability..  Data collection of more detail for the Island regional; develop vulnerability map. 88 REFERENCES Birkmann, J. (2006). Measuring Vulnerability to Natural Hazards – Towards Disaster Resilient Societies, UNU-Press, New York, Tokyo. Decision in 3-2 -2009 18/2009/QDTTg Prime Minister's Approval approved master plan of socioeconomic development of coastal areas Vietnam Gulf of Thailand to 2020. Decision No. 80/2013 / QD-TTg dated 12/27/2013 of the Prime Minister has issued a number of mechanisms and policies for specific development of Phu Quoc Island. Decision 633/ QD-TTg May 11, 2010 by the Prime Minister on the overall planning of the construction of Phu Quoc Island in 2030. Downing, T., J. Aerts, J. Soussan, S. Bharwani, C. Ionescu, J. Hinkel, R. Klein, L. Mata, N. Matin, S. Moss, D. Purkey and G. Ziervogel (2006). „„Integrating Social Vulnerability into Water Management‟‟,Climate Change(in preparation). Gleick, P. H. 1996. Basic water requirements for human activities: Meeting basic needs. Water International 21: 83-92. Kaly, U.L., Pratt, C. & Mitchell, J. (2005). Building Resilience in SIDS: The Environmental Vulnerability Index. Final Report. SOPAC, UNEP. Lawrence, P., J. Meigh and C. Sullivan (2002). The Water Poverty Index: an International Comparison. Keele Economics Research Papers. 1352- 8955. Keele University, Staffordshire, UK. Mohammad Waheed Ibrahimzada, Devesh Sharma (2012), Vulnerability assessment of water resources in Amu Darya river basin, Afghanistan, International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 3, No 2, 2012. Mai Trong Nhuan (2005). Research, assess the vulnerability of coastal zone sustainability serving. Report on basic research. 89 Meigh, J. R., A. A. McKenzie and K. J. Sene. (2004). A grid based approach to water scarcity estimates for eastern and southern Africa. Water Resources Management 13: 85-115. NAWAPI - National Center for Water Resources Planning and Investigation (2010), Project “Water Resources Planning on Phu Quoc Island”. Notification No. 425 / TB-OG December 25, 2012: Summary of Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung of the preliminary conference to implement the decision No. 178/2004 / QD - TTG October 5, 2014. Statistical Yearbook of Kien Giang Province in 2012. Trinh Minh Ngoc and other (2013). Vulnerability assessment of water resources systems in Nhue Day basin, VNU Journal of Science, Natural Sciences and Technology 29, No. 1S (2013) 126-133. Trinh Minh Ngoc (2011). Vulnerability Assessment of Water Resources Systems in Thach Han basin, VNU Journal of Science, Natural Sciences and Technology 27, No. 1S (2011) 176-181. UNEP-Peking University (2009). Methodologies Guidelines for Vulnerability Assessment of Freshwater Resources to Environmental Change. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi. all_reports/05_Methodology.pdf. UNEP (2012). Freshwater under Threat: Pacific Islands, Vulnerability Assessment of Freshwater Resources to Environmental Change, United Nations Environment Programme, Bangkok. Available at: UNEP (2011). Assessment of Freshwater Resources Vulnerability To Environmental and Climate Change: Implication for Shared Water Resources in West Asia Region. Available at: 90 UNEP (2009). Freshwater under Threat: South East Asia, Vulnerability Assessment of Freshwater Resources to Environmental Change. Available at: VAW - Vietnam Acadeny for Water resources (2010). Project “ Research, evaluate the potential exploitation of surface water sources serving water supply on Phu Quoc island”. Wildlife at Risk (WAR). University of Agirculture and Forestry – Ho Chi Minh City (UAF) (2006), Ecotourism Development Strategy of The Phu Quoc National Park, Kien Giang Province. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................1 1.1. Problem statement ..........................................................................................................................1 1.2. Objectives and Research questions ................................................................................................3 1.2.1. Objective of study ...................................................................................................................3 1.2.2. Research questions ..................................................................................................................3 1.3. The Assessment Process ...............................................................................................................3 1.4. Structure of the thesis .....................................................................................................................4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REWIEW .............................................................................................6 2.1. Concepts of vulnerability ...............................................................................................................6 2.2. Vulnerability assessment ................................................................................................................7 2.3. Previous studies in study area ........................................................................................................8 2.4. Overview of assessment methods ..................................................................................................9 CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA .................................................................12 3.1. Geography and Socioeconomics .................................................................................................12 3.1.1. Geography and Biodiversity ...............................................................................................12 3.1.2. Socio-economics .................................................................................................................23 3.2. Freshwater Resources..................................................................................................................28 3.2.1. Water Resources...................................................................................................................28 3.2.2. Current status of exploitation and use of water resources ....................................................31 3.3. Challenges of water resources .....................................................................................................35 3.3.1. Drought .................................................................................................................................35 3.3.2. Inundation, flood ...................................................................................................................36 3.3.3. Pollution ................................................................................................................................36 3.3.4. Saltwater intrusion ................................................................................................................36 3.3.5. Climate Change .....................................................................................................................36 3.3.6. Rapid population growth .......................................................................................................37 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY AND DATA USED .....................................................................39 4.1. Approach ......................................................................................................................................39 4.2. Diagnosis of Issues .......................................................................................................................40 4.3. The analytical framework ............................................................................................................41 4.4. Vulnerability Index and Parameterization....................................................................................43 4.4.1. Resource stresses (RS)........................................................................................................44 4.4.2. Development Pressures (DP) ..............................................................................................45 4.4.3. Ecological Insecurity (ES) .................................................................................................46 4.4.4. Management Challenges (MC) ...........................................................................................47 4.4.5. Vulnerability Inde (VI)..........................................................................................................49 4.5. Data used .....................................................................................................................................53 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ................................................................................55 5.1. DPSIR analysis on Phu Quoc Island ............................................................................................55 5.2. Resources Stresses (RS)..61 5.3. Development Pressures (DP) ......................................................................................................62 5.4. Ecological Insecurities (ES) ........................................................................................................64 5.5. Management Challenges (MC) ...................................................................................................66 5.6. Vulnerability Index (VI) ..............................................................................................................70 5.7. Vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources .......................................................................72 5.8. Proposed solutions .......................................................................................................................75 5. 8.1. Policy solution .....................................................................................................................77 5.8.2. Technical solution ................................................................................................................80 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................83 6.1. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................83 6.2. Recommendations ........................................................................................................................86 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................88 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1: Location of Phu Quoc Island on satellite images ....................................... 12 Figure 3.2: Total annual rainfall in Phu Quoc station (1985 – 2011) .......................... 17 Figure 3.3: Hmax, Hmin in Phu Quoc island ................................................................ 17 Figure 3.4: Tidal amplitude in Phu Quoc island ........................................................... 18 Figure 3.5: Map of River Network on Phu Quoc island ............................................... 21 Figue 3.6: The coastal fish market ............................................................................... 24 Figure 3.7: Administrative maps of Phu Quoc island ................................................... 25 Figure 3.8: Works classification of the exploitation and use of water resources ......... 31 Figure 3.9: Current exploitation and use of water on Phu Quoc Island ........................ 32 Figure 4.1: Assessment components and indicators ..................................................... 41 Figue 4.2: DPSIR analysis of water management ......................................................... 43 Figue 5.1: Water management of Ministries ................................................................. 67 Figue 5.2: Percentage of the weighted parameters for Vulnerability Index.................. 73 Figue 5.3: Share of the percentage of the weighted categories to the final Vulnerability Index for the study area..73 Figue 5.4: The organizational structure of Vietnam Water Agency ............................. 78 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Distribution by altitude and degree slope .................................................... 13 Table 3.2: Temperature characteristics (0C) at Phu Quoc Station (1984-2011)........... 15 Table 3.3: Average humidity by months – year (%) ..................................................... 15 Table 3.4. Lowest humidity by months – year (%) ....................................................... 16 Table 3.5: Characteristics of rain in Phu Quoc .............................................................. 16 Table 3.6. Distribution of Phu Quoc forest ecosystem.................................................. 22 Table 3.7: Rainfall distributions .................................................................................... 28 Table 3.8: Characteristics of the average monthly flow in some places ....................... 30 Table 3.9 : Reserve potential underground water .......................................................... 30 Table 3.10: Synthesis using water of the sectors in 2007 ............................................... 34 Table 3.11: Demand using water resources on Phu Quoc island .................................. 34 Table 3.12: Summary of highlighted issues in water resources .................................... 37 Table 4.1: Integrated Water Resources Management Capacity Criteria. ....................... 51 Table 4.2: Guidance on island freshwater vulnerability ............................................... 52 Table 4.3. Data used for research .................................................................................. 54 Table 5.1: Some of Driving forces (D) ......................................................................... 56 Table 5.2: Pressure on water resources (P) ................................................................... 57 Table 5.3: Group indicates status, state of water resources (S) .................................... 58 Table 5.4: Impacts can occur on the Island (I) .............................................................. 59 Table 5.5. Group directive indicates the response (R) .................................................. 59 Table 5.6: Water resources stress on Phu Quoc Island ................................................. 61 Table 5.7: Population of the Island is supplied with the clean water ............................ 63 Table 5.8: Water Development Pressures on Phu Quoc Island ...................................... 63 Table 5.9: Water Development Pressures on Phu Quoc Island ...................................... 65 Table 5.9: Rate of households using hygienic toilet ..................................................... 68 Table 5.10: The population with access to a sanitation in the Island ............................ 69 Table 5.11: Water Use Efficiency Parameter on Phu Quoc Island ................................ 70 Table 5.12: Management Challenges on Phu Quoc Island ............................................ 70 Table 5.13: Weight given for each parameter in the calculation .................................. 70 of the vulnerability index (VI) ....................................................................................... 70 Table 5.14: T h e calculation of the vulnerability index (VI) ...................................... 71 Table 5.15: Summary of Vulnerability Parameters of Phu Quoc Island ....................... 72 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AISDW Access to Improved Source of Drinking Water CV Coefficient of Variation DP Development Pressures DPSIR Driver, Pressure, Status, Impact, Response EH Ecological Health ENSO El nino Southern Oscillation ES Ecological Insecurities GDP Gross Domestic Product GEO Global Environment Outlook (UnEP) IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MC Management challenges MDG Millennium Development Goals MOC Ministry of Construction MOIT Ministry of Industry and Trade MOH Ministry of Health MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment NAWAPI National Center for Water Resources Planning and Investigation RS Resource Stresses SOPAC The South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission UNEP United nations Environment Programme VAW Vietnam Acadeny for Water resources VI Vulnerability index VNWA Vietnam Water Agency