Môn học :
Công nghệ chuyển hóa than
• Giảng viên : Văn Đình Sơn Thọ
• Thời lượng : 45 tiết
• Phone : 097.360.4372
• thovds-petrochem@mail.hut.edu.vn
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MỤC LỤC
1. Giới thiệu chung
2. Nguồn gốc quá trình hình thành than
3. Cấu tạo hóa học của than
4. Thành phần hóa học của than
5. Động học các phản ứng chính của quá trình
6. Công nghệ cháy
7. Công nghệ nhiệt phân than
8. Công nghệ khí h
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óa than
9. Cụng nghệ phụ trợ
10. Ứng dụng chớnh của cụng nghệ khớ hóa than
Sản xuṍt nhiờn liệu tổng hợp ( F-T)
Sản xuṍt điện năng
11. Thu giữ và Chụn lṍp CO2 ( Carbon dioxide capture storage - CCS )
12. Đỏnh giỏ tỏc động mụi trường ( Life cycle assessment – LCA)
Phần 1 : Giới thiệu chung
1.1 Trữ lượng than trờn thế giới
Table 12. Proven recoverable world reserves of coal as of end 1999 [88]
* Excluding the former Soviet Union
Region or country Anthracite and
bituminous
Sub-bituminous
and lignite
Africa and Middle East 61 355 250
North America 116 707 139 770
South and Central America 7839 13 735
Asia* 137 121 64 253
Former Soviet Union 97 476 132 702
Europe 41 664 80 368
Australia and New Zealand 47 329 43 642
Total 509 491 474 720
The world's proven recoverable reserves of coal are an estimated
510 ì 109 t of hard coal
475 ì 109 t of brown coal (sub-bituminous and lignite)
Region or country Quantity, 10
6
t Proportion, %
Africa
South Africa 220.3 6.2
Others 2.1 0.1
Africa total 222.4 6.3
Americas
United States 919.6 26.2
Canada 36.5 1
Brazil 5.2 0.1
Columbia 33 0.9
Mexico 10.3 0.3
Others 5.6 0.2
Americas total 1010.2 28.7
Table 13. World hard coal production in 1999 [89]
Region or country Quantity, 10
6
t Proportion, %
Asia
China* 1045 29.7
India 292.2 8.3
Indonesia 70.7 2
Japan 3.9 0.1
North Korea 71.5 2
South Korea 4.1 0.1
Pakistan 3.3 0.1
Turkey 2.7 0.1
Vietnam 8.7 0.2
Others 2.2 0.1
Asia total 1504.3 42.8
* including brown coal
** including lignit negro
Europe
Czech & Slovakia
18.6 0.5
Poland 111.4 3.2
Former Soviet 315 9
France 4 0.1
Germany 43.9 1.2
Spain** 15.4 0.4
United Kingdom 36.4 1
Others 1.5 0
Europe total 546.2 15.5
Australia
& New Zealand
230.4 6.6
World total 3513.4 100
Table 14. World brown coal production in 1999 [89]
Region or country Quantity, 10
6
t Proportion, %
Americas
United States
77.5 9.2
Canada 36 4.3
Americas total
113.5 13.5
Asia
China .* .
Mongolia 7 0.8
India 22.2 2.6
Noth Korea 26.5 3.1
Turkey 66.8 7.9
Thailand 21.1 2.5
Asia total 143.6 17
Region or country Quantity, 10
6
t Proportion, %
Europe
Bulgaria 24.2 2.9
Czech & Slovakia
44.8 5.3
Hungary 13.7 1.6
Poland 60.8 7.2
Romania 19.3 2.3
Former Soviet 97 11.5
Former Yugoslavia
31 3.7
Austria 1.1 0.1
Finland 8.2 1
France 0.9 0.1
Germany 162.2 19.3
Greece 61.5 7.3
Ireland 2.9 0.3
Spain 8.8 1
Europe total 536.5 63.7
Australia & New Zealand 48.4 5.7
World total 842.1 100
Table 15. World trade* in hard coal in 1999 [90]
Exports 10
6
t
United States 34
Canada 33
Columbia 29
Venezuela 7
China 37
Indonesia 53
Poland 16
Former Soviet 18
South Africa 66
Australia 172
Others 66
472
Imports
European Union 144
Other Europe 30
Japan 136
South Korea 53
Taiwan 40
Honkong 6
India 17
OtherAsia 15
Latin America 20
Others 11
472
1.2 Some Major Coal Producing Countries
United States
Reserves. The United States possesses economically recoverable
hard coal reserves of ca. 111 ì 109 t — one-fifth of total world
reserves. For brown coal the respective figures are 135 ì 109 t and
over 25 %.
Production. The United States has maintained a high level of
production for decades, producing one-fourth of the world's coal..
Consumption. Domestic coal consumption, which absorbs more
than 90 % of production, has varied little in the past few years, with
power stations being the main consumers.
Australia
Reserves. Australia possesses economically recoverable
reserves of 47 ì 109 t of hard coal and 43 ì 109 t of brown coal,
each representing 9 % of world reserves.
Production. Coal production has risen steadily in the last few
decades and is expected to do so in future.
Consumption. The high-quality coals found in Queensland and
New South Wales are of value as steam and metallurgical coals,
and most of production is for export. In 1984 Australia became
the world's foremost hard-coal exporter with 61 ì 106 t. In 1999
exports nearly tripled these figures. Production from Western
Australia, Victoria, and South Australia (bituminous and sub-
bituminous coal, lignite) is geared to local thermal electricity
generation.
Germany
Reserves. Due to its very large deposits of brown coal, unified
Germany possesses nearly 7 % of the world's economically
recoverable coal reserves.
Production. Output of hard coal has fallen from a peak of
150 ì 106 t in 1957 to 44 ì 106 t in1999 and further reductions
are planned. Brown-coal production dropped continuously with
the closure of mines in the eastern Lọnder. Nevertheless, with
> 160 ì 106 t, Germany is by far the largest producer of brown
coal in the world.
Consumption. The majority of the hard coal (65 %) and nearly
all of the brown coal is channeled into the generation of
electricity. The second largest consumer is the steel industry.
Following the decline of indigenous production hard-coal
imports have steadily increased.
Poland
Reserves. Polish recoverable coal reserves amount to 12 ì 109 t
of hard coal and 2 ì 109 t of brown coal.
Production. Poland boosted its production for export reasons
for a long period. In the mid-1980s government officials
expected to increase hard-coal output to 205 ì 106 t and its
brown-coal output to 100 ì 106 t by the year 2000. Instead,
production in 1999 fell to 111 ì 106 t of hard coal and 60 ì 106 t
of brown coal.
Consumption. Inland consumption decreased every year
during the last decade and may decrease even further. In the
meantime, Poland tried to maintain its exports. In 1984, when it
was able to export 45 ì 106 t, thereby attaining a 14 % share of
world trade, Poland set its intermediate export goal at
42 ì 106 t/a of hard coal. During the last few years, exports
reached only 30 ì 106 t.
Republic of South Africa
Reserves. South Africa has recoverable reserves of ca. 55 ì 109 t of
hard coal, which at current production levels would last nearly 300
years.
Production. Production has raised to over 200 ì 106 t/a.
Consumption. The slight increase in production in the last few years
was initiated by higher internal demand. Coal is the main primary
energy for the generation of electricity (95 %). Exports are over
60 ì 106 t/a.
China
Reserves. China accounts for ca. 11 % of the world's recoverable coal reserves.
Hard-coal reserves are concentrated in the north and northwest of the country.
Substantial lignite deposits are distributed throughout the country.
Production. Production has been reduced during the last four years,
nevertheless China is still the world's largest producer (1996: 1393 ì 106 t hard
coal; 1999: 1000 ì 106 t).
Consumption. China is very dependent on its vast coal reserves. The bulk
being used internally for electricity and heat generation. Transportation of coal
is a major problem, with a significant proportion of production being in the
north, but with the most rapidly growing demand in the southern and eastern
regions. Only minor quantities (30 – 40 ì 106 t/a) of coal are exported.
India
Reserves. India possesses over 10 % of world reserves, mostly bituminous
coal.
Production. Coal is the main source of energy and vital for India's economic
development. A steady increase in production to nearly 300 ì 106 t of hard coal.
Consumption. Consumption doubled since 1984. Despite increased production,
some coal is imported, mainly for quality reasons
Indonesia
Reserves. Indonesia has vast resources of high-quality accessible coal. In
terms of tonnage, southern Sumatra contains the highest proportion although
much of it is lignite. The coal from Kalimatan includes some deposits of very
high quality (low ash and sulfur, high volatile matter).
Production. Since 1984 the annual production has tripled up to over 70 ì 109 t.
Consumption. The national policy is to expand internal use; the target is for
80 % of electricity to be generated from coal-fired plants. But the main impulse
to increase the production is the expanding export market. Indonesia has
become the world's third largest exporter of coal .
United Kingdom
Reserves. With the decline of prices for imported coal the estimates of reserves
which were regarded as economically recoverable have been reduced to about
1 ì 109 t.
Production. Due to the high cost of extracting the coal, production has had to
be steadily diminished and will be cut even further.
Consumption. The United Kingdom is still among the major consumers of coal
in the world, but with competition from other energy resources, especially oil
and gas from the North Sea, a further decline is expected
Former Soviet Union
Reserves. With 230 ì 109 t of recoverable coal reserves, 97 ì 109 t of which is
hard coal, the former Soviet Union accounts for 25 % of total world reserves.
Production. Due to its vast resources the Soviet Union still ranks third among
world producers. In 1999 coal production in the Russian Federation reached
only 60 % of the 1989 level. Ukrainian production dropped by nearly 50 %.
Consumption. Coal consumption has mirrored reduced production. Major
changes will depend on future economical developments.
1.2 Tỡnh hỡnh ngành cụng nghiệp than ở Việt Nam
Trữ lượng (nghỡn tấn)
Than quảng Ninh 4,049,559
Than bựn 331,790
Than địa phương 37,434
Than khỏc 165,109
Khoỏi Chõu 1,580,956
Antraxit 4,118,349
Sub-bitumious 1,580,956
Than nõu 96,319
Than bựn 331,790
2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 2021-2025 2025-
Tổng 3,695,447 285,357 391,376 473,347 547,024 1,998,334
Quang Ninh 2,826,620 269,247 368,945 390,101 393,100 1,405,227
Khỏc 16,109 22,432 83,246 153,924 593,117
Than khỏc 9,276 11,073 11,897 11,474 46,320
Than bựn 235,438 1,833 2,500 2,500 2,500 9,145
Than địa
phương 18,478 5,000 7,222 11,667 17,222 194,327
Khoỏi chõu 524,871 - 1,636 57,182 122,727 343,326
Năm 2010 2015 2020 2030 2040 2050
Sản lượng 41,340 49.015 51,850 44,815 42,315 38,740
Khả năng khai thỏc
1.3 Tỡnh hỡnh năng lượng điện ở Việt Nam
2007 2010 2015 2020 2025
Nhập khẩu 510 758 2250 5724 5724
Điện hạt nhõn 0 0 0 1000 11000
Thủy điện nhỏ & NLTT 250 1196 2451 2951 4051
NĐ dầu – khớ 6029 8579 11579 18329 18329
NĐ than 1830 5924 27424 65024 118424
Thủy điện 5561 9133 16049 18449 23749
Đơn vị đo : MW
020,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
2007 2010 2015 2020 2025
Thủy điện
NĐ than
NĐ dầu – khớ
Thủy điện nhỏ & NLTT
Điện hạt nhõn
Nhập khẩu
MW
2010
3%0% 5%
34%
23%
35%
Nhập khẩu
Điện hạt nhõn
Thủy điện nhỏ & NLTT
NĐ dầu – khớ
NĐ than
Thủy điện
2020
5%
1%
3%
16%
58%
17% Nhập khẩu
Điện hạt nhõn
Thủy điện nhỏ & NLTT
NĐ dầu – khớ
NĐ than
Thủy điện
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