Truyền thống sản xuất gốm đất nung của người Khmer và người Việt ở Nam Bộ: Nghiên cứu những biến đổi trong kĩ thuật chế tác và kiểu dáng sản phẩm gốm ở tỉnh Kiên Giang

nh Kien Giang trong qua trinh thich irng vdi nhirng blin doi kinh te, xa hgl hien nay. Theo Si/ phat trien kinh te nhanh chdng tai Iwu virc ha Iwu song Mekong, hau nhw khdng cd hy vgng bag tin hien trang nghi gom thii cong mang tinh truyen thong tgc ngwdi. Dien hinh la san xuat gdm a lang Dau Doi d Kien Giang, viec dan gian hda ciia ky thuat san xuit cung nhw hieu qua ciia san pham gom da thay doi dang ke thay thi va chia se thj phin cung nhw so Iwgng san xuit ciia tang Diu Dgi so vdi do gom eiia ngwdi Khmer. Sw phan bo lang Hdn Queo-lang Tri Ton-lang Diu Doi cho thay sir ton tai va sw can thiit cua do gom trong sinh hoat d Dong bing song CCru Long, dong thdi phan anh qua trinh chuyen doi eua ky thuat san xuat va loai hinh do gom. Nguyin Thi Hoai Huong. Thae sT. Vien Nghien cuu Phat tnen Thanh phi. Nghien CLPU sinh nganh Khao co Hoc vien Khoa hpe Xa hpi. 1. VAl NET T O N G QUAN KHU VU'C NGHIEN ClJU Khu vyc mien Nam Viet Nam thupc vung ehau t h i sdng Mekong la mpt khu vyc da s i c too. Dan too Kinh ehilm phin Idn 87% t ing dan s l , k l den la ngudi Hoa, ngudi Khmer va ngudi Cham. TCr khoang d iu th i ky XVII, ngudi Khmer ehilm s l lugng Idn trude khi ngudi Kinh, ngudi Hoa va ngudi Cham den djnh cu tgi day. Hipn nay d o l n g b ing sdng CCru Long cd khoang 90 vgn dan la ngudi dan tdc Khmer, cu tru d cae tinh An Giang, Kien Giang, C in Tha, dgc biet hp s ing tap trung d Sde Trang, Tra Vinh. Phin Idn, hp ed quan he sau sac v l van hda, xa hdi, Ijch su' vdi ngudi Khmer d Campuchia. Ngudi Khmer sing chu y l u d cae vung nui, chan d i i th ip nhu Hdn Olt-Hdn Queo (Kien Giang), eac chan nui Tri Ton d tinh An Giang, bien gidi huyen Tjnh Bien. Chung ta de dang nhan dipn khu vyc sinh s ing cua hp so vdi cac tpc ngudi khac vi hp s ing trong mdt khdng gian tap trung theo phum, sdc. Nghien eCru trudng hgp san xui t g l m truyin thing d o l n g b ing sdng CLPU Long eho bilt chi cdn hai khu vyc ed ngudi Khmer lam g lm la huyen Hdn O l t tinh Kien Giang va huypn Tri Tdn tinh An Giang. NGUYEN THI HOAl HUONG - T R U Y E N T H O N G SAN XUAT G O M OAT NUNG,. 63 Huyen Hdn Ol t ed dien tich ty nhien 1.019,75km^ dan s l 146,605 ngudi, mat dp dan s l 144 ngudi/km^'^', each thanh phi Rach Gia khoang 30km, theo quIc Id 80 (cdn goi la dudng Rgch Gia Ha-Tien). Huyen Hdn O l t cd 7 xa, trong dd 85% dan toe Kinh, 12% ngudi Khmer, ngudi Hoa va ngudi Cham la 3%. Xa T h i San, Hon Ol t c6 dan s l han 12.000 ngudi, trong dd, 60% ngudi Khmer, Viet 37%, 3% la ngudi Hoa va cac dan too khac 2. LICH SLf NGHIEN CLfU V A N O t v l truyin thing san xui t g l m thu c6ng d miln Nam Viet Nam, theo cac nha nhan hpe 06ng Duang thdi thupe Phap, da cd nhilu md ta nhu Derbes (1880); Monographie de la province de Chau Doc, 1902, tr. 34-35, ed ghi "O lang Nam Quy, nui Nam Vi (huyen Tri Tdn ngay nay) cd san xuit d l g l m d i t nung'^'". Nhirng ghi chep trong Ngwdl Viet goc Mien cung cho bilt "Nghi lam g l m ( Ip An Thuan, xa Chau Lang)... eua ngudi Khmer d tinh An Giang va ngudi Khmer d Campuchia nhin Chung ed ehung truyen thing ky thuat san xuit va ehung logi, m iu ma san phim. Trudc nam 1975, n l i d i t do ngudi Khmer d Ip An Thuan, xa Chau Lang, huyen Tri Ten, tinh An Giang san xui t cd m iu ma giong nhu n l i d i t cua ngudi Khmer d tinh Kompong Chanang, Camphuehia da thu hut nhieu khach hang d Viet Nam ma trudc dd hp phai sang Camphuehia d l "mua di, ban lgi< '^. Oac bipt, la nghien CCPU so sanh viec san xuit d l g l m cua Malleret d Konponehunan (Kompong Chanang) d mi ln Trung Campuchia va cac tinh phia Nam eua Vipt Nam la Chiton (Tri Tdn) vg Ba The. Ca hai cung duge liet ke nhu la mdt nghe truyen thing gia dinh cua ngudi Khmer (Malleret 1957). Ngoai ra, tir nam 1996, Cort Lefferts va eac d ing nghiep Konponsupu Konponehunan (Kompong Speu) va d mi ln Nam Viet Nam tinh Kien Giang, tinh An Giang da nghien eCru so sanh san xuit g lm tgi day vdi viing ddng bic Thai Lan va d l g lm san xuit tgi Khorat, tai luc dja Ddng Nam A "ehu y lu la logi r ing hinh trg". Trudng hgp nghi g lm thu cdng eua ngudi Khmer d Hdn D i t tinh Kien Giang cd nghien eiru cua Truang Thanh Hiing, Hdi Van nghe Dan gian (Truang Thanh Hiing, 1998), va luan van thae sT cua Nguyin Thi Hoai Huang nghien eCru v l cac loai hinh va ky thuat san xuat g lm thu e6ng cua ngudi Khmer d Ding bing s6ng CCru Long, trudng hgp lang g lm co ljch su t i n tgi lau ddi nhi t trong vung chau th i nay (Nguyin Thj Hoai Huang, 2001), da gidi thieu ky thuat lam g lm va cae logi hinh d l g lm thu edng tgi hai dia phuang tren. Ngoai ra, d Nam bp Viet Nam, trong dia chi tinh Tay Ninh, ngudi ta cung ghi nhgn ngudi Khmer cung tirng san xuit g lm tgi day, nhung nhCrng d iu tich eua nghi g lm chi cdn luu giCr b ing vai hinh anh va mpt s l cdng eg lam g lm, n l i g lm trung bay tai Nha Bao tang tinh Tay Ninh (Sd Van hda Thdng tin Tay Ninh, Dja ehi tinh Tay Ninh, 2008). Trong bai vi l t nay, cae tae gia dua tren cac nghien eCru dan tpc hpe di trude, da d i n khap sat d tinh Kien Giang, mi ln Nam Vipt Nam vao thang 2/2009. Trudc tien, chung tdi d i n lang lam g l m ed truyin th ing lau ddi nhi t la Hdn Queo, xa T h i San, thi t r in Hdn Olt , tinh Kien Giang. 64 NGUYEN THI HOAl HUONG - TRUYEN T H O N G SAN X U A T G O M DAT NUNG,,, Day la lang g l m truyin th ing cua huyen Hdn o l t , phuang thCre va ky thuat san xuit da dugc thCra k l qua nhilu the he trong dan tpc Khmer va san phim mang tinh truyin thing d Kien Giang, Sau dd, chung tdi khao sat d lang O lu Doi, thj t r in H6n Dat, Day la lang ngudi Viet san xui t d l g l m d i t nung ed h i trg bdi cac thi l t bj hien dai trong san xui t nhu may nghiln di t ; va i l l s ing cua gia dinh cua ngudi Viet, da ed nhCrng tae dpng lam thay d i i dang k l trong san xuat d l g l m truyin thing cua ngudi Khmer. 3. S A N X U A T D O G O M TRUYtN T H O N G O MIEN T A Y S O N G CLfU LONG - TRU-QNG HOP HUYEN HON D A T TINH KIEN GIANG 3.1. Lang g l m I p Hdn Queo Tir Nha Bao tang Kien Giang thanh ph i Rgch Gia, chung tdi di b ing d td xudi theo dudng QuIe Id 80, hay edn gpi la dudng Id Rgch Gia-Ha Tien khoang 30km, mi t 50 phut, qua thi t r in Hdn Ol t mpt quang ngin, chCrng 200 met, re tay trai vao eon dudng nhua mang ten I p Hdn, l i i d in vao khu di tich Hdn Olt . O td t i lp tuc chgy 12km la d i n Hdn Di t . Dia d i lm lam gom thu cdng cua ngudi Khmer d ap Hdn Queo, xa T h i San each khu mp anh hung liet sT Nguyin Thj Rang (tCrc chj SCr) khoang 1km. Hien nay, trong I p ehi edn 4 hp lam g lm. Dd la eac hp: 1) Thj Kim Hudng 71 tu l i , dan tdc Khmer, s l nha 79, t l 4, I p Hdn Queo; 2) Thi Chinh 51 tu l i , dan tpc Khmer, so nha 104, t l 4, I p Hdn Queo; 3) Thj Cd 37 tu l i , dan tpc Khmer, (nha d giCra nha Thj Chinh va Thj Tien), t l 4, I p Hdn Queo; 4) Thj Tien 58 tu l i , dan too Khmer, so nha 110, t l 4 , I p Hdn Queo. 3.1.1. Truyin th ing san xui t d l g l m Theo d i lu tra thyc t l , cac ba, cac me cho bilt, ngudi Khmer lam g l m tir r i t lau ddi, khdng ai cdn nhd la ngh i g l m cd tir bao gid. Hp chi bi l t hp hpe nghi tir me, me hp hpe tir ba ngogi, ba ngoai hpe tir ba eo. Trong gia dinh, phu nCr thudng iam nghi g lm , dan ong ehi phg giup nhCrng viec nang nhpc nhu di l iy d i t hoac nhi i di t , ddi khi phai g l m va s lp x lp , thu dpn eac d l gom da lam xong vao mpt nai... H iu hit cac hp lam g l m l iy nghe g lm la nghi chinh trong thu nhap hang ngay, mpt s l gia dinh chuyen lam g l m tham ehi khdng e6 d i t ndng nghiep hoac chi cd mdt it d i t t r ing Ida. Do dd, cdng viec lam g lm hiu nhu duge lam quanh nam trCr cac ngay l l , ngay t i t va ngay mua. Tuy nhien, hien nay cac hd gia dinh lam g l m theo yeu d u dgt hang eua mdt s l chu vua, tap trung ehu y l u vao eae logi san phim ma thi trudng d n , dan gian ehi la eae noi g lm dung trong sinh hogt. Trong I p Hdn Queo hien nay, ngudi cd tu l i cao edn lam g l m la ba Thi Kim Hudng, 71 tu l i . Ba Hudng hpe lam g lm tCr nhCrng ngudi hang xdm va b i t d iu lam gem tCr luc 15 tu l i . Ba lam g l m quanh nam. Hien nay trong gia dinh ed con gai la Thj Tung khoang 35-36 tu l i , con dau O l Thj Dieu (ngudi Kinh) 40 tg l i cung lam g l m cung vdi ba. D i lm dae bipt la trong s l eae gia dinh cdn lam g l m nay, hp cd quan hp hp hang mat thi l t va hpe hdi lan nhau. Nghi g l m duge xem la nghe chinh, hp lam g l m quanh nam va eung phg lam rupng Ida vdi ch ing eon mi i khi vao mua, va viee phan chia lao dpng v l gidi kha rd, trpng khi ngudi phg nCr tgp dang g lm, ngudi dan dng di lay dat, nhoi, can dit. NGUYEN THI HOAl HUONG - T R U Y E N T H O N G SAN XUAT G O M D A T NUNG.. 65 phai g l m tim cui d i t . Ddi khi cac cdng dogn nay nu* gidi va nam gidi cung thuc hien. D i lm dgc biet la mdt s l gia dinh cung xdm cd t h i cung gdp cui, ram va cdng SCPC d l dit/nung ehung mdt l ln . 3.1.2. Ky thuat san xu i t 3.1.2.1. Nguyen lieu Cac gia dinh mua hoac khai thae d i t rudng g in chan nui Hdn Ol t va Hdn Me (each chan nui khoang 1km). Ngudi ta bd Idp d i t mat khoang 20-30cm va b i t d i u l iy di t . Nai l iy d i t each khu nha d khoang 500m. Ngudi ta vd d i t thanh khIi (vien) trdn, dudng kinh khoang 30em r i i vac v l nha. NhCrng hd Idn tuoi nhu hd ba Hudng thudng mua d i t do thuang lai chd d in bang thuyen va giao tan nha, gia 1 vien d i t la 3.000 d ing. 3.1.2.2. Ky thuat tao dang va cdng cg lam gom Ky thuat tao dang noi gom: vdi ky thuat ban dap va hdn ke (paddle and anvil) gom bin bwdc. Mdi giai doan tgo dang tren chi mat 3-5 phCiL Sau moi giai dogn tgo dang, ngudi ta phai chd cho d l g l m se khd mat khoang 2-2 gid 30 phut mdi lam t i lp cdng doan t i lp theo. Bwdc 1: Nhoi dat, se day. ra khuon hinh ong trdn. Ngudi thg l iy d i t vCra du lam do gom muln tgo dang, ngoi tren g h i thip, dgt d i t set ben tren manh van. Ngudi thg vCra nhoi d i t eho deu, vCra lan d i t thanh thoi dai. Ngi t bd hai dau lam eho thdi dat can doi, kich cd tuang duang vdi do gom djnh tgo dang. Sau do dat thoi d i t len tren manh bao tai da trai tren tam van, ngudi thg dap dpt mieng dat bang gang Idng ban tay phai, roi dung mep ngdn tay eai eua ban tay phai I n deu len thanh hang ngang. T i lp d in , dung ca ngdn tay cai va mep ban tay phai mi l t tCr trai sang phai va nghieng ban tay phai mi l t tCr phai sang trai lam cho milng d i t dwoc can d iu . Trong khi milt d i t , ed t h i lua bd cae vien sdi nhd hoac tgp chi t ra khdi milng di t . Sau khi d i t da dugc can d iu thanh hinh chCr nhat det, ngudi thg dung dCpng milng d i t theo chi lu ngang va euln Igi thanh hinh trdn, them mdt chut d i t vao d l lam kin v l t n l i , k i t thuc budc 1 eua quy trinh tgo dang. Bwdc 2: Lam mieng. Sau khi Ing d i t se kho, ngudi ta dgt Ing d i t tren ban xay. Dung ban xoa hinh n im thim nudc xoa vao day hinh nam, xoa deu vdi Idng ban dap cho tran, dat ban xoa d l ning, giCr ben trong, diing ban dap d ngoai dap xung quanh Ing dit . Ngudi thg di vdng ngugc chieu kim d ing h i , vira di vCra tgo dang, vdi mpt tay d m ban xoa ben trong, mpt tay d m ban dap ben ngoai, di lu chinh dp rdng cua mipng. Dung ban dap bing tre, cd dp cong Vi hinh trdn dap ngang de tao dang e l . Tiep d in , ngudi ta lay mpt m iu la dira th im nudc, mdt tay dung ngdn tay eai va ngdn trd giu' chat mieng d l g lm, ngdn tay eai eua ban tay phai I n giya ben trong di xung quanh, vul t va tgo mieng. O l vul t mieng can d i i va dep can phai giCr chat manh la dCra bam vao thanh mipng do g lm, di nhanh, vul t d iu . La dCra phai tham nydc d l tgo dp bdng mjn cho mieng. Bwdc 3: Len hong. Lam mipng xong, dgi cho do gom se khd trpng vdng 2 gid den 2 gid 30 phut, ngydi ta tiep tgc tao hdng d l g lm tren ban xay. CQng vdi ban xoa ben trong va ban dap khdng ed hoa van ben ngoai, t i lp tue d i lu chinh dang trdn cho d l 66 NGUYEN THI HOAI HUONG - TRUYEN T H O N G SAN X U A T G C M DAT NUNG,, g lm , b i t d i u la n ing vai, n ing bung, Sau dd dung ban dap cd hoa van dap I n xung quanh c l b ing hoa van eanh sen b lu . T i lp d i n dap dpc theo dang d l g l m bing hoa van lugn sdng. Bwdc 4: Dap dit (lam khit day). Day la khau cul i cung hoan ehinh d l g lm . Ngudi thg ngi i tren g h i th ip, chan trai gap t i lp mdng, chan phai x l p b ing, Idng ban chan giap d i u goi chan trai. Oat chile n l i g l m up xuIng d n g chan phai. Sau khi xoa udt dung cu, tay trai d m ban xoa dgt ben trong, tay phai dung ban dap cd hoa van dap keo gian d i t xung quanh d l khep kin day d l g lm . Khi d l g l m gan kin, ehuyin tay trai l ing vao ben trong xuyen qua mieng d l g lm , giCr ban xoa va dap sao cho day d l g l m kin va d i t set dan d i u la duge. Hoa van duge dap di dap lgi nhilu l ln nen tgo ra dudng net dan cheo nhau khdng d iu . Cdng eu: 0 day gi ing nhu vung An Giang nhung ban dap hoa van {paddle) dugc lam sac sao han, s l lugng nhilu han. Dung cg ban dap eua nha ba Hudng la do eon trai thCr tu cua ba ty la Sd CO, t i ing Anh gpi chung la paddle. Ngoai ra cdn ed eac dung cu khac d l lay d i t nhu cule nhd, chay gia di t , la dCra nudc hoac la rCrng t i ing Khmer gpi la Idtcha de vu l t mieng. H iu h i t d cac cdng dogn tao dang d l g lm , ngudi Khmer diing tay la ehu y l u . 3.1.2.3. Nung do g l m Cae gia dinh nung g l m d san sau ngdi nha. Nhien lieu d l nung la ram va cui tre, bgch dan hoac cui rirng. Khoang 10 ngay m i l gia dinh t l chCre nung mpt l ln . Mi i l ln nung khoang 500 chile n l i . San phim hong trong m i i l l n nung tCr 2 d i n 3 chile n l i (ehilm 10-15%). 3.1.3. San pham Mi l hp gia dinh lam mdt vai logi san phim Bang 1. Cac loai san pham gom Cac san pham Hp Thi Hu-ong Thi Chinh Thi Co Thj Tien Noi 1 X Noi 7 X Noi 8 X X Noi 9 X Noi 10 X Chau X Bep 16 X lam. Ban xoa thi do ba ty lam. Ban xoa hinh n i m b ing g lm , tieng khmer gpi la Kalen, tieng Anh gpi la Anvil. Cay tgo dang hoge ban xay lam than cay dira hoac cay th i t n i t t i ing Khmer gpi la Sobaxoa, t i ing Anh gpi la wooden post. Ban dap ed hoa van hoac kh6ng hoa van lam bing g l bgch dan t i ing Khmer gpi la Sd dam; ban dap b ing tre gpi Bang 2. Kich thudc cSe san phim gom stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 T&n san pham Tieng Vipt Noi nhat/ noi 1 Noi 7 Noi 8 Noi 9 Noi 10 Tieng Khmer snang phum may snang diip Kich thudc (centimet) Cao 38,5 21,5 19,0 15,0 14,0 Oudng kinh mieng 31,0 25,0 18,0 18,0 14,0 12,0 Oudng kinh than 57,0 36,0 29,0 28,0 23,0 Nip (knopbay) Khong n3p Khong n§p C6nSp C6nlp CPnlp N G U Y E N T H I HOAI HUONG - T R U Y E N T H C N G SAN XUAT G O M OAT NUNG,.. 67 c l djnh (xem bang cac san phim), mi i ngay tiiy tCrng loai san phim Idn nhd ma ngudi thg lam dugc nhi lu hay it s l lugng san phim. Cg t h i : Nha ba Hudng cd 2 ngudi lam, mdi ngay 1 ngudi lam dugc 25 chile n l i 7 hoac n l i 8. Cdng dgng eua cae logi d l g lm : Nl i 1: dung lam lu dyng nude sinh hogt hoac lam nl i trang banh. N l i 7: diing dyng nude uIng dgt d trudc eCra nha. N l i 8 (snang phum may) thudng dung d l n iu nudc xdng. N l i 9: dung n iu cam, n iu nudc. Nl i 10 (snang dCip) dung n iu nude ulng. Trude day ea hai logi n l i 8 va n l i 10 thudng dung de n i u cam, Ngoai ra, gia dinh Thj Tien lam ehau (peon) dung d l rua (rCra chen, rCpa rau, rCra tay) trong gia dinh, 3.1.4. Budn ban va thu nhap eua eac hd lam g lm Thuang lai dgt hang va ed ghe vao tan nha de nhgn san ph im. Thong thudng ngudi ta ganh hoac mang d l g l m ra b in sdng each lang khoang vai tram met de thuang lai x lp len ghe. Cae hd trong I p Hdn Queo d iu ban cho ba Ba Khdn d xdm O lu Doi, thj tr in Hdn Dat. TCr day, hp chd ghe di cac tinh viing Olng bing sdng CCru Long d l ban. Vi d l g l m d l vd, khd ed t h i chuyen chd bing cae logi phuang tien di dudng bp, do dd dudng sdng la sy lya chpn t i i yu. Gia ca dyge tinh theo gia si. Nl i 1 (traeh nhit) cd gia 80-100.000dong/chiec (gia le chi lam khi cd ngydi dgt hang). N l i 8 cd nap, gia 4.500dong/chilc (nam 2009). Noi 10 ed nap, gia 2.700dong/chilc (nam 2008 noi 10 cd n ip ed gia 3.000-3.800 dong/ehilc). 3.2. Lang g l m thi t r in Hdn Ol t Lang g l m d thj tran Hdn Olt , n im dpc theo dudng Rgch Gia-Ha Tien, cd khoang 5-6 gia dinh edn lam g lm. Trong dgt cdng tae nay vi thdi gian hgn ch l nen chung tdi chi khao sat dugc 3 gia dinh lam g lm: 1) Hd Nguyin Thj Ngpe Tam, 48 tu l i , dan too Viet (b l dan t6c Viet me dan t6c Khmer), s l nha 220, I p Tri T6n, thj t r in H6n Olt; 2) Hp Tr in Thi Phin, 46 tu l i va 3) Hp Tr in Thj Hgnh, 47 tu l i dan too Viet. Hai hp sau la hai chj em rupt. Hai nha d l i in k l nhau (ca hai d iu la nha tranh vach tre, khdng cd s l nha). Nha l i in k l t i lp theo v l hudng thj t r in Hdn Ol t s l nha 212, I p Tri Tdn, thi t r in Hdn Olt. 3.2.1, Nguyen lieu o l t set l iy 2 logi: d i t set dec va d i t set l ln cat hgt nhd. Tron d iu 2 logi dat nay trude khi diing. Ol t khai thae d chan nui Hdn Ol t va Hdn Me, ngudi ta bd di Idp d i t mat khoang 30-50cm la d in ldp d i t set cd t h i lam g l m duge. 3.2.2. Ky thugt tgo dang va cong eg lam glm Cdng eg lam g l m giing vdi lang Hon Queo (Thi San-H6n Olt) va Phnom Pi (An Thugn-Tri Ton). O l i vdi logi traeh nhit (nl i Idn) c6 kich thudc Idn thi dung eg cung duae lam Idn han. Di lm khac biet giCra khu vuc Hdn Queo va thj t r in Hdn Ol t la logi n ip tgi Hdn Ol t da duae lam bing khudn (mount of cover), trong khi d Hdn Queo v i n cdn lam bing tay. O l i vdi hp Nguyin Thi Ngpe Tam lam traeh nhl t /n i i nhit (snangday), do thdi gian tgo dang do g lm Idn dai nen chj lam xen ke cae cong dogn, cie m i i 3 nggy chj mdi lam xong 30 chile traeh Idn. Trgng binh m i i ngay chj lam dugc 10 chile traeh Idn. Cac cdng dogn lam g lm hoan toan gi ing nhau d Hdn Queo va thj t r in Hdn Olt. e» NGUYEN THj HOAl HUONG - T R U Y E N T H O N G SAN X U A T G O M OAT NUNG... Nung: khoang 50 chile traeh nhlt/1 l ln nung. Hoac 200 chi le traeh nhd/1 l ln nung. Hoac cd t h i nung chung 2 loai 3.2.3. San phim Trach nhl t /n i i nhi t (snang day): diing n iu banh tet hoac lam n l i trang banh. Oudng kinh mieng: 31,0cm, dudng kinh bung: 57,0em, cao: 38,5em. Traeh 7: traeh 7 (snang tup). Kich thudc: dudng kinh mieng 20em, dudng kinh bgng 32em, eao 22cm. 3.2.4. Budn ban va thu nhap Mi l thang chj c6 t h i lam va ban 100-200 chile trach nhd va 20-30 chile traeh Idn. Thu nhap 1 thang tCr 1.500.000 d ing - 2,000.000 d ing. Sau khi trCr ehi phi mua d i t set, cui, ram, ehi cdn Igi khoang 800- 1.000.000 d ing. Thuang lai dat hang va cd ghe vao g i n nha d l nhgn san pham. Thdng thudng ngudi ta ganh d l gim/mang d l g l m ra sdng d l thuang lai x l p len ghe. Cac hp trong I p Tri Tdn, thj t r in Hdn Ol t d i g ban chc ba Ba Khdn d xdm O lu Dpi. 3.3. Khap sat I p Oau Doi Ap o l u Doi n i m ben kia Vipt Rgch Gia-Ha Tien d i i dipn vdi chg thj t r in Hdn Di t . Chi phi chc mpt ehuyin pha ngang la 500 ding/ngudi, m i t chua d i y 5 phut chung tdi da sang d i n bd ben kia. "Lang g l m xu i t hipn vdi day d l g l m nung xong chi t nai ben sdng va cae san phai bep Id cua cac hp san xuit . Tgi day h i u nhu nha nha lam g l m , ngudi ngudi lgm gom. Dudi b i n sdng, chung tdi nhin th iy thgyen chd d i t set vdi cae thanh nien khgan tCrng vien d i t Idn tCr dudi thuyin len bd. Mpt thuyin khac d g i n dc dang sap xep ndi gdm, bep Id chd di nai khaC ban. Xdm Id d I p o l u Doi phan b l tCr Viet Mpt d i n Viet Tu, xa Nam Thai San. Theo thing ke cua huyen Hdn Olt , chi rieng I p o l u Doi da ed han 180 h6 lam nghi 16 g lm , chi lm g i n phan nCra dan s l cua Ip . Vac d i n nai san xui t g l m chi each b in sdng 3-5 phut di bp, tgi day rat nhilu phu nCr dang lam g lm , mat hang chu y lu la logi b ip Id (logi khdng ed Ing khdi va logi cd Ing khdi). Khu vuc nay lam g l m vdi quy md Idn, e6 h i ngam d i t set, may can di t , day e l t dat. Id nung bing trau va ea san phai ed mai ehe. Dae bipt, hp tgo dang g l m theo day ehuyen san xuit. O l lam mdt bIp Id, mdt phg nCr lam day b Ip Id b ing mdt mi lng dat nhd, diing ban xoa dap bpt thanh hinh trdn khoang 25-30cm. Trong khi dd, mpt phg nCr khac l iy d i t bd vac khudn hinh chCr nhat dai khoang Im x 0,30m, khung nay duge dgt tren 1 t i m cdt bang cdi. Ngudi thg khum ngudi va dung chan dgp dan d iu , sau do dung tay mil t d i u mieng d i t va dung day kim logi duge tgo nhu hinh canh cung d t . T i lp d in , ngudi ta d m ea mi lng cdi va milng d i t ep dyng mieng dat len, khpanh trdn xung quanh mi lng d i t hinh tron va n l i dydng trdn Igi, sCpa cho ngay ngan (lue nay ngydi phu nu' kia da dat mieng d i t hinh trdn tren mpt milng van g l ) . Sag khi mi lng d i t se khd, ngudi thg thCr 3 tiep tgc tgo dang ph in t i lp theo la el t va n l i 2 hinh trdn thanh bIp Id hinh so 8, noi cac doan than va bp phan dgn cui vap. Budc ke tiep do mpt phg nCr khac dam traeh. Ngudi nay ed nhipm vg g i n eae d i g rau (dng tao) vao va tgo hoa van d NGUYEN THj HOAl HUONG - TRUYEN THONG SAN XUAT GOM OAT NUNG. 69 thanh mieng bIp Id, hoan chinh cho san phim. Sau khi tgo dang xong, phai khd d l glm va tiln hanh nung trong Id. Ld nung dwoc lam dan gian ehi la nhu'ng can nha ed mai ehe. Ngudi ta ngan d bing ggch Ing theo hinh chCp nhat vdi dien tieh d n thilt va tiln hanh xlp bep Id thanh hang. Nguyen lieu nung ehu ylu la triu va mdt it ram hoac cd tranh phu ben ngoai lam mii ehay trude, Idp triu tir tCr chay sau. Thdi gian eho mpt lln nung mit 3-4 ngay. 4. KST LUAN 4.1. NguIn glc pha he san xuit glm Khmer truyin thing O lue dja Dong Nam A, kh6 nhgn ra viec san xuat glm truyin thing theo dja phuang hay gia dinh vi ehung ta ed thi thiy rd hp da triln khai eac ky thugt trpng ky thugt tgo hinh va nung kha giing nhau. Ve ky thugt tgo hinh, deu dung cae cdng cg chinh la ban dap va hdn ke {paddle and anvil). Tu th i tgo dang la di vdng quanh mpt tru g l . Theo nghien eCru eua Lefferts Cort va cae ding nghiep da dua len eae mic, duge chia thanh nam logi tCr "Logi A din E". Trong s l nay, "Logi A din C" eho cae quoc gia cd sy thCra ke, dang e l ging to chCre pha hp san xuit glm truyen thing d mdi khu vyc (Cort va Lefferts, 2009). 6 dong ble Thai Lan, lang Baan Mow, tinh Mahasarakham, Morgan County va lang Ubon Ratchathani (Ubon Ratcha Thani) Donjikku County (Baan Donjik) la "ring" nguyen mau hinh trg. O" Chiang Mai, miln ble Thai Lan, huyen Hankeo County (Handon Hankaeo) la ehuli ching dit set nguyen miu la hinh hpp dieu (gpi la "Kilu B"). So ve ky thuat, d miln Trung Vipt Nam lang Binh DCrc tinh (Binh Thuan) la each keo dai nguyen miu hinh hop dilu (thudc Logi C) mang tinh dac trung pha he (Tokusawa Keiichi, Yuko Hirano, Nguyen Thi Hoai Huong, 2009). Tuy nhien nhin "Logi A" (hinh tren), cd sy khac nhau mdt phin d qua trinh tgo hinh giu'a vung ddng bac Thai Lan va mien Nam Viet Nam. Mac du san phim tgo ra nguyen dgng la hinh trg, vi qgy trinh tgo dang tCr hinh dgng ban diu la hinh trg. 0 lang Hdn Qgeo va Tri Tdn (hinh dgng nguyen the ban diu, vdng xich cua dit set dgng hinh trdn, dae, giing nhu lien quan Type B vdi Type C) khac nhau nhilu d phuang phap san xuit hinh dgng nguyen thi ban diu d edng dogn 1. Tuy nhien, v l cdng dogn tgo hinh thCr 2 trd di thi tgo dang d phan mipng, than, day eung giing nhau d each thCrc lam kin day nli/vd nhu Ddng Bac Thai Lan, Trung va Nam Lao, Campuchia, Nam Viet Nam. Sy giing nhau d Sarav\/an phia Nam-Lap (Sarawan) County, lang (Baan Bukdon) va qugn Pgkse (Pgkse) Mo lang (Baan Mow) (dgc) tao thanh hinh hpp trdn, dgc, dgt tren hinh trg dCrng nguyen the cua "Logi A + Logi C" cung ed the dyge xem nhy la hinh thanh mpt kilu hinh trg giing nhy thanh gia (Tokusawa Keiichi, 70 NGUYEN THI HOAl HUONG - T R U Y E N T H O N G SAN X U A T G O M OAT NUNG , Yuko Hirano, Nguyen Thi Hoai Huong, 2009). Nghien cu'u khac d viing ddng ble Thai Lan eung so sanh su khac nhau trong ky thugt lam g l m cua cac cpng d ing ngudi Thai-Khorat vdi ngudi Suay va ngudi Lao tgi viing nay. Trong nghien cCru nay eac tac gia cung da giai thich r ing ngudi Thai- Khorat tu nhgn hp la ngudi Khmer bi thudc dja tren d i t Thai, hp s ing d cao nguyen Khorat, trong mpt thanh ph i hipn nay c6 ten gpi la Nakhon Ratchasima (mpt dja danh Thai la "Royal Boundary Marker City). Trudc day nd cd vai trd quan trpng nhu la mdt trung tam ngogi vi eua kinh dd Siamese thupe vuang tr i lu Ayuthaya va Bangkok sdm (H. Leedom Lefferts Jr and Lefferts Cort, 1997, tr. 13). Cae tac gia edn so sanh rpng han v l ky thuat lam g l m cua ngudi Khmer Campuchia hien nay va ngudi Thai-Khorat la hoan toan giing nhau. Su khac nhau mang tinh qua trinh ehuyin d i i eua ndi dung ky thugt nhu th i , duge eac nghien eCru di trudc cho r ing phuang thCre ky thugt mang truyin thing gia dinh la do k i t qua thay d i i v l thdi gian va viee di dan (H. Leedom Lefferts Jr and Lefferts Cort, 1997, Tokusawa Keiichi, Yuko Hirano, Nguyen Thi Hoai Huong, 2009). Nhit la theo ly lugn phi i hgp giCra cac cong dogn, ed t h i nhin nhgn each thCre ky thuat la k i t qua cua su t i i thich hda, k i t hgp vdi san xui t d l g l m xua, sy khac nhau giCra moi trudng cua cae viing mien, nguyen lieu hay kha nang k i t dinh cua d i t set. Tuy d n xem xet ky hgn nhung qua k i t qua budc d i u chung tdi cho r ing san xuit g lm mang tinh truyin thing pha he g lm Khmer d Campuchia, loai A eua mi ln Nam Viet Nam la lam theo pha he san xui t g lm Khmer thupe luu vuc ha luu song Mekong. 4.2. Thay d i i san xui t g l m mang tinh truyin th ing cua dan tpc Khmer Quay Igi thdi ky phat tr i ln chau t h i song Mekong, san xui t g l m mang tinh truyin thing cua lang H6n Queo, Tri T6n (huyen H6n o l t ) , va Phnom Pi (xa An Thuan huyen Tri T6n) chu y l u cung c lp g lm truyin th ing la b Ip 16 (ca rang) va n l i d i t (Snang), vdi gia re va thuan tien vdi sinh hogt tren tau thuyin, tren nha san viing d i m l iy sdng Mekong. Hien nay, d l g l m tien lgi nhu ca rang, b Ip 16, n l i nho, khu6n banh khot la vat dung gia dinh khdng th i thi lu cua gia dinh Khmer eu tru d ehau th i sdng Mekong. Theo th ing ke 2008, huyen Hdn Ol t trong nhCrng nam g i n day cd mCre tang trudng cao, dien, nudc, dudng giao thdng, ca sd ha tang dd thj, trudng hpe, benh vien phat tr i ln tuang Crng vdi kinh t l . Xui t hien h6p dyng bing nhya re t i ln , ehau lam bing nhdm vCrng ch ic hoac gang, n l i cam dipn, v.v. D i lu nay khi ln g l m Khmer truyen thing mi t gia, CP dpng. Cac nha hang SLP dung khi gas va than g l hpgc than nhiet hay e in . Nhyng b Ip Id (ca rang) van cdn ed ea hpi t i lp tue ban dugc, xui t hien Id nung nhu eua lang Dau Doi nhung vdi m iu ma eai t i ln han. D ing thdi, viec xuit hien bp n l i (snang), b Ip Id (ea rang) thu nhd, Ip g l m truyen thing d l ban cho cu dan thanh pho vdi phpng each s ing hipn dgi hoac d l lam qua luu nipm cho khach du lich d i n Chau D i e chCrng td da ed sy ehuyin d i i nhanh chdng eua ky thugt san xui t truyin th ing va hinh dgng san phim g l m thu cong trong vung. N G U Y E N T H I HOAI HUONG - T R U Y E N T H C N G SAN XUAT G C M OAT N U N C . 71 Theo sy phat tr i ln kinh t l nhanh ch6ng tgi luu vyc hg luu song Mekong, h iu nhu khong c6 hy vpng bao t i n hipn trgng nghi g lm thu c6ng mang tinh truyin thing too ngudi. San xui t g l m d lang O lu Doi d Kien Giang, viee dan gian h6a cua ky thugt san xuit eung nhu hieu qua cua san phim glm da thay t h i va chia se thj phin so vdi d l g lm eua ngudi Khmer. Sy phan b l lang Hdn Queo - lang Tri Tdn - lang Dau Doi eho th iy sy t i n tgi va su d n thi l t cua d l g lm trong sinh hogt d D ing bing sdng CCru Long, d ing thdi phan anh qua trinh ehuyin d i i eua ky thugt san xuit va logi hinh d l g lm . Q CHUTHiCH '^ ' Nguon: www.kiengiang.gov.vn *^ ' Monographie de la province de Chau Doe, 1902, tr. 34-35: " terre a pottteries eouleur jaune clair, paillettes micac6es, grain dut, terre r^ch, tenace et lourde". '^ ' Le Huong. Ngudi Viet gde Mien. SSi Gon. 1969, tr. 234-235 (Din theo : Vo Cong Nguyen. CciC moi quan he, giao luu qua lai giua nguoi Khmer d Viet Nam va ngudi Khmer d Campuchia trong vung bien gidi cua tlnh An Giang. Hpi nghi Thdng b^o kit qua nghien cuu khoa hoc Vien Phat triln Ben vCrng vung Nam BO, 2009), TAI L I E U THAM K H A O 1. Derbes, M. 1880. Etudes surles industhes de terres cuites en Cochin-Chine. Excursions et Reconnaissances 12: 552-619. 2. Keiichi Tokusawa, Hirano Yuko and Do Kien. 2008. The Study of the Traditional Making Technique of Earthenware in the Central Vietnam: Mainly the Forming and Finng In Palei Ligok Village, Binh Thuan province. The third International Conference on Vietnamese Studies at Hanoi, Vietnam. 3. Keiichi Tokusawa, Hirano Yuko and Nguyen Thi Hoai Huong. Bao cao khao sat nghi gom thii cdng d tinh Kien Giang, 2009 (Ban tiing Nhat). 4. Leedam Lefferts Jr. and Luise Allison Cort. 2000. Khmer Earthenware in Mainland Southeast Asia : An Approach Through Production. Journal of Khm